Anti-wall teichoic antibodies and conjugates

ABSTRACT

The invention provides anti-wall teichoic acid antibodies, antibiotic-linker intermediates, and antibody-antibiotic conjugate compound, and methods of making and using the same.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/945,716filed on 19 Nov. 2015, which is a continuation of InternationalApplication No. PCT/US2014/039113 having an International Filing Date of22 May 2014, and which claims the benefit of priority to U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/829,466 filed on 31 May 2013, whichis incorporated by reference in entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Nov. 18, 2015, isnamed P05537-US-2 Sequence Listing.txt and is 185 kilobytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to anti-wall teichoic acid (“anti-WTA”) antibodiesconjugated to antibiotics and to use of the resultantantibody-antibiotic conjugates in the treatment of infectious diseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pathogenic bacteria are a substantial cause of sickness and death inboth humans and animals. Prominent among these is Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus; SA) which is the leading cause of bacterial infections inhumans worldwide. S. aureus can cause a range of illnesses, from minorskin infections to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia,meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome (TSS),bacteremia, and sepsis. Its incidence ranges from skin, soft tissue,respiratory, bone, joint, endovascular to wound infections. It is stillone of the five most common causes of nosocomial infections and is oftenthe cause of postsurgical wound infections. Each year, some 500,000patients in American hospitals contract a staphylococcal infection.

Over the last several decades, infection with S. aureus is becomingincreasingly difficult to treat largely due to the emergence ofmethicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) that is resistant to all knownbeta-lactam antibiotics (Boucher, H. W. et al. Bad bugs, no drugs: noESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America.Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the InfectiousDiseases Society of America 48, 1-12 (2009)). The circumstances are soacute, that by 2005, infection with MRSA was reported to be the leadingcause of death due to a single infectious agent—responsible for over15,000 deaths in the United States (DeLeo, F. R. & Chambers, H. F.Reemergence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in thegenomics era. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 119, 2464-2474(2009)). Vancomycin, linezolid and daptomycin have become theantibiotics of choice for treating invasive MRSA infections (Boucher,H., Miller, L. G. & Razonable, R. R. Serious infections caused bymethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical infectiousdiseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society ofAmerica 51 Suppl 2, S183-197 (2010)). However, reduced susceptibility tovancomycin and cross-resistance to linezolid and daptomycin have alsobeen reported in MRSA clinical strains (Nannini, E., Murray, B. E. &Arias, C. A. (2010) “Resistance or decreased susceptibility toglycopeptides, daptomycin, and linezolid in methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus.” Current opinion in pharmacology 10, 516-521).Over time, the vancomycin dose necessary to overcome resistance hascrept upward to levels where nephrotoxicity occurs. Thus, mortality andmorbidity from invasive MRSA infections remains high despite theseantibiotics.

Although SA is generally thought to be an extracellular pathogen,investigations going back at least 50 years have revealed its ability toinfect and survive in various types of host cells, both professionalphagocytes and non-phagocytic cells (Gresham, H. D. et al. Survival ofStaphylococcus aureus inside neutrophils contributes to infection. JImmunol 164, 3713-3722 (2000); Anwar, S., Prince, L. R., Foster, S. J.,Whyte, M. K. & Sabroe, I. The rise and rise of Staphylococcus aureus:laughing in the face of granulocytes. Clinical and ExperimentalImmunology 157, 216-224 (2009); Fraunholz, M. & Sinha, B. Intracellularstaphylococcus aureus: Live-in and let die. Frontiers in cellular andinfection microbiology 2, 43 (2012); Garzoni, C. & Kelley, W. L. Returnof the Trojan horse: intracellular phenotype switching and immuneevasion by Staphylococcus aureus. EMBO molecular medicine 3, 115-117(2011)). This facultative intracellular persistence enables host immuneevasion, long-term colonization of the host, maintenance of achronically infected state, and is likely a cause for clinical failuresof, and relapses after, conventional antibiotic therapy. Furthermore,exposure of intracellular bacteria to suboptimal antibioticconcentrations may encourage the emergence of antibiotic resistantstrains, thus making this clinical problem more acute. Consistent withthese observations, treatment of patients with invasive MRSA infectionssuch as bacteremia or endocarditis with vancomycin or daptomycin wasassociated with failure rates greater than 50% (Kullar, R., Davis, S.L., Levine, D. P. & Rybak, M. J. Impact of vancomycin exposure onoutcomes in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusbacteremia: support for consensus guidelines suggested targets. Clinicalinfectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious DiseasesSociety of America 52, 975-981 (2011); Fowler, V. G., Jr. et al.Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditiscaused by Staphylococcus aureus. The New England journal of medicine355, 653-665 (2006); Yoon, Y. K., Kim, J. Y., Park, D. W., Sohn, J. W. &Kim, M. J. Predictors of persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus bacteraemia in patients treated with vancomycin. The Journal ofantimicrobial chemotherapy 65, 1015-1018 (2010)). Therefore, a moresuccessful anti-staphylococcal therapy should include the elimination ofintracellular bacteria.

Most of today's antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications ofvarious natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactamantibacterials, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in thegenus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems.Antimicrobial compounds that are still isolated from living organismsinclude the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example,the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones, are producedsolely by chemical synthesis. In accordance with this, manyantibacterial compounds are classified on the basis ofchemical/biosynthetic origin into natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic.Another classification system is based on biological activity; in thisclassification, antibacterials are divided into two broad groupsaccording to their biological effect on microorganisms: bactericidalagents kill bacteria, and bacteriostatic agents slow down or stallbacterial growth.

Ansamycins are a class of antibiotics, including rifamycin, rifampin,rifampicin, rifabutin, rifapentine, rifalazil, ABI-1657, and analogsthereof, that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase and have exceptionalpotency against gram-positive and selective gram-negative bacteria(Rothstein, D. M., et al (2003) Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs12(2):255-271; U.S. Pat. No. 7,342,011; U.S. Pat. No. 7,271,165).

Immunotherapies have been reported for preventing and treating S. aureus(including MRSA) infections. US2011/0262477 concerns use of bacterialadhesion proteins Eap, Emp and AdsA as vaccines to stimulate immuneresponse against MRSA. WO2000/071585 describes isolated monoclonalantibodies reactive to specific S. aureus strain isolates.US2011/0059085 suggests an Ab-based strategy utilizing IgM Abs specificfor one or more SA capsular antigens, although no actual antibodies weredescribed.

Teichoic acids (TA) are bacterial polysaccharides found within the cellwall of Gram-positive bacteria including SA. Wall teichoic acids (WTA)are those covalently linked to the peptidoglycan (PDG) layer of the cellwall; whereas lipoteichoic acids (LTA) are those covalently linked tothe lipids of the cytoplasmic membrane. Xia et al. (2010) Intl. J. Med.Microbiol. 300:148-54. These glycopolymers play crucial roles inbacterial survival under disadvantageous conditions and in other basiccellular processes. The known WTA structures vary widely betweenbacterial species. S aureus TAs are composed of repetitive polyolphosphate subunits such as ribitol phosphate or glycerol phosphate.Given their structural diversity and variability, WTAs are consideredattractive targets for antibodies and as vaccines, ibid.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), also known as immunoconjugates, aretargeted chemotherapeutic molecules which combine ideal properties ofboth antibodies and cytotoxic drugs by targeting potent cytotoxic drugsto antigen-expressing tumor cells (Teicher, B. A. (2009) Curr. CancerDrug Targets 9:982-1004), thereby enhancing the therapeutic index bymaximizing efficacy and minimizing off-target toxicity (Carter, P. J.and Senter P. D. (2008) The Cancer J. 14(3):154-169; Chari, R. V. (2008)Acc. Chem. Res. 41:98-107). ADC comprise a targeting antibody covalentlyattached through a linker unit to a cytotoxic drug moiety.Immunoconjugates allow for the targeted delivery of a drug moiety to atumor, and intracellular accumulation therein, where systemicadministration of unconjugated drugs may result in unacceptable levelsof toxicity to normal cells as well as the tumor cells sought to beeliminated (Polakis P. (2005) Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 5:382-387).Effective ADC development for a given target antigen depends onoptimization of parameters such as target antigen expression levels,tumor accessibility (Kovtun, Y. V. and Goldmacher V. S. (2007) CancerLett. 255:232-240), antibody selection (U.S. Pat. No. 7,964,566), linkerstability (Erickson et al (2006) Cancer Res. 66(8):4426-4433; Doroninaet al (2006) Bioconjugate Chem. 17:114-124; Alley et al (2008)Bioconjugate Chem. 19:759-765), cytotoxic drug mechanism of action andpotency, drug loading (Hamblett et al (2004) Clin. Cancer Res.10:7063-7070) and mode of linker-drug conjugation to the antibody (Lyon,R. et al (2012) Methods in Enzym. 502:123-138; Xie et al (2006) Expert.Opin. Biol. Ther. 6(3):281-291; Kovtun et al (2006) Cancer Res.66(6):3214-3121; Law et al (2006) Cancer Res. 66(4):2328-2337; Wu et al(2005) Nature Biotech. 23(9):1137-1145; Lambert J. (2005) Current Opin.in Pharmacol. 5:543-549; Hamann P. (2005) Expert Opin. Ther. Patents15(9):1087-1103; Payne, G. (2003) Cancer Cell 3:207-212; Trail et al(2003) Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 52:328-337; Syrigos and Epenetos(1999) Anticancer Res. 19:605-614).

The concept of ADC in cancer therapy has also been expanded intoantibacterial therapy, in this case the drug portion is an antibiotic,resulting in antibody-antibiotic conjugate (AAC). U.S. Pat. No.5,545,721 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,267 describe synthesis of anon-specific immunoglobulin-antibiotic conjugate that binds to thesurface of target bacteria via the antibiotic, and uses thereof fortreating sepsis. U.S. Pat. No. 7,569,677 and related patents suggestprophetically antibiotic-conjugated antibodies that have anantigen-binding portion specific for a bacterial antigen (such as SAcapsular polysaccharide), but lack a constant region that reacts with abacterial Fc-binding protein (e.g., staphylococcal protein A).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides compositions referred to as “antibody-antibioticconjugates,” or “AAC”) comprising an antibody conjugated by a covalentattachment to one or more antibiotic moieties selected from clindamycin,novobiocin, retapamulin, daptomycin, GSK-2140944, CG-400549,sitafloxacin, teicoplanin, triclosan, napthyridone, radezolid,doxorubicin, ampicillin, vancomycin, imipenem, doripenem, gemcitabine,dalbavancin, and azithromycin.

One aspect of the invention is an isolated anti-WTA monoclonal antibody,comprising a light chain and a H chain, the L chain comprising CDR L1,CDR L2, and CDR L3 and the H chain comprising CDR H1, CDR H2 and CDR H3,wherein the CDR L1, CDR L2, and CDR L3 and CDR H1, CDR H2 and CDR H3comprise the amino acid sequences of the CDRs of each of Abs 4461 (SEQID NO. 1-6), 4624 (SEQ ID NO. 7-12), 4399 (SEQ ID NO. 13-18), and 6267(SEQ ID NO. 19-24) respectively, as shown in Table 6A and 6B.

In one embodiment, the isolated anti-WTA monoclonal antibody comprises aheavy chain variable region comprising a heavy chain variable region(VH), wherein the VH comprises at least 95% sequence identity over thelength of the VH region selected from the VH sequence of SEQ ID NO.26,SEQ ID NO.28, SEQ ID NO.30, SEQ ID NO.32 of antibodies 4461, 4624, 4399,and 6267, respectively. In one embodiment this antibody furthercomprised a L chain variable region (VL) wherein the VL comprises atleast 95% sequence identity over the length of the VL region selectedfrom the VL sequence of SEQ ID NO.25, SEQ ID NO.27, SEQ ID NO.29, SEQ IDNO.31 of antibodies 4461, 4624, 4399, and 6267, respectively. In otherembodiments, the sequence identity is 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%.

In more specific embodiments, the antibody comprises:

(i) VL of SEQ ID NO. 25 and VH of SEQ ID NO. 26;

(ii) VL of SEQ ID NO. 27 and VH of SEQ ID NO. 28;

(iii) VL of SEQ ID NO. 29 and VH of SEQ ID NO. 30; or

(iv) VL of SEQ ID NO. 31 and VH of SEQ ID NO. 31.

In one aspect, the Ab of any one of the preceding embodiments binds WTAalpha.

In another aspect, the invention provides an isolated anti-WTAmonoclonal antibody comprising a light chain and a H chain, the L chaincomprising CDR L1, CDR L2, and CDR L3 and the H chain comprising CDR H1,CDR H2 and CDR H3, wherein the CDR L1, CDR L2, and CDR L3 and CDR H1,CDR H2 and CDR H3 comprise the amino acid sequences of the correspondingCDRs of each of Abs shown in FIG. 14 (SEQ ID NO. 33-110). In a specificembodiment these Abs bind WTA alpha.

In another aspect, the invention provides an isolated anti-WTAmonoclonal antibody, specifically anti-WTA beta monoclonal antibodywhich comprises a L chain variable region (VL) wherein the VL comprisesat least 95% sequence identity over the length of the VL region selectedfrom the VL sequence corresponding to each of the antibodies 6078, 6263,4450, 6297, 6239, 6232, 6259, 6292, 4462, 6265, 6253, 4497, and 4487respectively, as shown in FIGS. 17A-1 to 17A-2 at Kabat positions 1-107.In further embodiments, the antibody further comprises a heavy chainvariable region comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH), whereinthe VH comprises at least 95% sequence identity over the length of theVH region selected from the VH sequences corresponding to each of theantibodies 6078, 6263, 4450, 6297, 6239, 6232, 6259, 6292, 4462, 6265,6253, 4497, and 4487 respectively, as shown in FIGS. 17B-1 to 17B-2 atKabat positions 1-113. In a more specific embodiment of the antibody,the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO. 112 and the VL comprises theSEQ ID NO. 111.

In a certain embodiment, the isolated anti-WTA beta antibody is onewherein the light chain comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO. 115 and theH chain having an engineered cysteine comprises the sequence of SEQ IDNO. 116. In another embodiment, the antibody is one wherein the lightchain comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO. 115 and the H chain having anengineered cysteine comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO. 117, wherein Xis M, I or V. In a different embodiment the L chain comprising thesequence of SEQ ID NO.113) is paired with a Cys-engineered H chainvariant of SEQ ID NO. 117; the variant is one wherein X is M, I or V.

Another isolated anti-WTA beta antibody provided by the inventioncomprises a heavy chain and a light, wherein the heavy chain comprises aVH having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 120. In anadditional embodiment, this antibody further comprises a VL having atleast 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 119. In a specific embodiment,the anti-WTA beta antibody comprises a light chain and a heavy chain,wherein the L chain comprises a VL sequence of SEQ ID NO. 119 and the Hchain comprises a VH sequence of SEQ ID NO. 120. In a yet more specificembodiment, the isolated antibody that binds WTA beta comprises a Lchain of SEQ ID NO. 121 and a H chain of SEQ ID NO. 122.

The anti-WTA beta Cys-engineered H and L chain variants can be paired inany of the following combinations to form full Abs for conjugating tolinker-Abx intermediates to generate anti-WTA AACs of the invention. Inone embodiment, the L chain comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO.121 andthe H chain comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO. 124. In anotherembodiment, the isolated antibody comprises a L chain of SEQ ID NO. 123and a H chain comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO.124 or SEQ ID NO.157.In a particular embodiment, the anti-WTA beta antibody as well as theanti-WTA beta AAC of the invention comprises a L chain of SEQ ID NO.123.

Yet another embodiment is an antibody that binds to the same epitope aseach of the anti-WTA alpha Abs of FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B. Also providedis an antibody that binds to the same epitope as each of the anti-WTAbeta Abs of FIG. 14, FIGS. 15A and 15B, and FIGS. 16A and 16B.

In a further embodiment, the anti-WTA beta and anti-WTA alpha antibodiesof the present invention are antigen-binding fragments lacking the Fcregion, preferably F(ab′)₂ or F(ab). Thus, the present inventionprovides antibody-antibiotic conjugates wherein the WTA antibody is aF(ab′)₂ or F(ab).

Another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising any of the antibodies disclosed herein, and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In yet another aspect, the invention also provides an isolated nucleicacid encoding any of the antibodies disclosed herein. In still anotheraspect, the invention provides a vector comprising a nucleic acidencoding any of the antibodies disclosed herein. In a furtherembodiment, the vector is an expression vector.

The invention also provides a host cell comprising a nucleic acidencoding any of the antibodies disclosed herein. In a furtherembodiment, the host cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic

The invention further provides a method of producing an antibodycomprising culturing a host cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding anyof the antibodies disclosed herein under conditions suitable forexpression of the nucleic acid; and recovering the antibody produced bythe cell. In some embodiments, the method further comprises purifyingthe antibody.

Another aspect of the invention is an antibody-antibiotic conjugate(AAC) compound comprising an anti-wall teichoic acid (WTA) antibody ofthe invention, covalently attached by a peptide linker to an antibioticmoiety selected from clindamycin, novobiocin, retapamulin, daptomycin,GSK-2140944, CG-400549, sitafloxacin, teicoplanin, triclosan,napthyridone, radezolid, doxorubicin, ampicillin, vancomycin, imipenem,doripenem, gemcitabine, dalbavancin, and azithromycin.

An exemplary embodiment of an antibody-antibiotic conjugate compound hasthe formula:

Ab-(L-abx)_(p)

wherein:

Ab is the anti-wall teichoic acid antibody;

L is the peptide linker having the formula:

-Str-Pep-Y-

where Str is a stretcher unit; Pep is a peptide of two to twelve aminoacid residues, and Y is a spacer unit;

abx is the antibiotic moiety; and

p is an integer from 1 to 8.

The antibody-antibiotic conjugate compounds of the invention cancomprise a peptide linker which is a S. aureus cysteine proteasecleavable linker. In another embodiment the linker is a host proteasecleavable linker preferably a human protease cathepsin B cleavablelinker.

In one embodiment, the antibody-antibiotic conjugate compounds of any ofthe preceding comprise an antibiotic to antibody ratio (AAR) of 2 or 4.

Another aspect of the invention is a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising an antibody-antibiotic conjugate compound of the invention.

Another aspect of the invention is a method of treating a bacterialinfection by administering to a patient a therapeutically-effectiveamount of an antibody-antibiotic conjugate compound of any of the aboveembodiments. In one embodiment, the patient is a human. In oneembodiment the bacterial infection is a Staphylococcus aureus infection.In some embodiments, the patient has been diagnosed with a Staph aureusinfection. In some embodiments, treating the bacterial infectioncomprises reducing bacterial load.

The invention further provides a method of killing intracellular Staphaureus in the host cells of a staph aureus infected patient withoutkilling the host cells by administering an anti-WTA-antibiotic conjugatecompound of any of the above embodiments. Another method is provided forkilling persister bacterial cells (e.g, staph A) in vivo by contactingthe persister bacteria with an AAC of any of the preceding embodiments.

In another embodiment, the method of treatment further comprisesadministering a second therapeutic agent. In a further embodiment, thesecond therapeutic agent is an antibiotic, including an antibioticagainst Staph aureus in general or MRSA in particular.

In one embodiment, the second antibiotic administered in combinationwith the antibody-antibiotic conjugate compound of the invention isselected from the structural classes: (i) aminoglycosides; (ii)beta-lactams; (iii) macrolides/cyclic peptides; (iv) tetracyclines; (v)fluoroquinolines/fluoroquinolones; (vi) and oxazolidinones.

In one embodiment, the second antibiotic administered in combinationwith the antibody-antibiotic conjugate compound of the invention isselected from rifamycin, clindamycin, novobiocin, retapamulin,daptomycin, GSK-2140944, CG-400549, sitafloxacin, teicoplanin,triclosan, napthyridone, radezolid, doxorubicin, ampicillin, vancomycin,imipenem, doripenem, gemcitabine, dalbavancin, and azithromycin.

In some embodiments herein, the bacterial load in the subject has beenreduced to an undetectable level after the treatment. In one embodiment,the patient's blood culture is negative after treatment as compared to apositive blood culture before treatment. In some embodiments herein, thebacterial resistance in the subject is undetectable or low. In someembodiments herein, the subject is not responsive to treatment withmethicillin or vancomycin.

Another aspect of the invention is a process for making an antibody oran antibody-antibiotic conjugate compound of the invention.

Another aspect of the invention is a kit for treating a bacterialinfection comprising a pharmaceutical composition of the invention andinstructions for use.

Another aspect of the invention is linker-antibiotic intermediate havingthe formula:

X-L-abx

wherein:

abx is an antibiotic moiety selected from clindamycin, novobiocin,retapamulin, daptomycin, GSK-2140944, CG-400549, sitafloxacin,teicoplanin, triclosan, napthyridone, radezolid, doxorubicin,ampicillin, vancomycin, imipenem, doripenem, gemcitabine, dalbavancin,and azithromycin;

L is a peptide linker covalently attached to abx and X, and having theformula:

-Str-Pep-Y-

where Str is a stretcher unit; Pep is a peptide of two to twelve aminoacid residues, and Y is a spacer unit; and

X is a reactive functional group selected from maleimide, thiol, amino,bromide, bromoacetamido, iodoacetamido, p-toluenesulfonate, iodide,hydroxyl, carboxyl, pyridyl disulfide, and N-hydroxysuccinimide.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows that exposure to vancomycin or ripampicin kills MRSAgradually. Vancomycin was tested at 2 μg/mL (open square) and 20 μg/mL(closed square). Rifampin was tested at 0.02 μg/mL (open triangle) and0.2 μg/mL (closed triangle).

FIG. 2 shows infected peritoneal cells were able to transfer infectionto osteoblasts in the presence of vancomycin.

FIG. 3 shows the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria, such as S. aureuswith a cartoon representation of wall teichoic acids (WTA), Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and the Peptidoglycan (PGN) sheaths that stabilizethe cell membrane and provide attachment sites.

FIG. 4 shows the chemical structure and glycosyl modifications of WallTeichoic Acid (WTA), described in detail under Definitions.

FIG. 5 shows a possible mechanism of drug activation forantibody-antibiotic conjugates (AAC). Active antibiotic (Ab) is releasedafter internalization of the AAC inside mammalian cells.

FIGS. 6A and 6B summarize the characteristics of the Abs from theprimary screening of a library of mAbs showing positive ELISA binding tocell wall preparations from USA300 or Wood46 strain S. aureus strains,as described in Example 21. Of the Abs that bind to WTA, 4 are specificto WTA alpha and 13 bind specifically to WTA beta.

FIG. 7A shows an in vitro macrophage assay demonstrating that AAC killintracellular MRSA.

FIG. 7B shows intracellular killing of MRSA (USA300 strain) with 50μg/mL of the thio-S4497-HC-A118C-pipBOR, rifa-102 in macrophages,osteoblasts (MG63), Airway epithelial cells (A549), and human umbilicalvein endothelial cells (HUVEC) compared to naked, unconjugated anti-WTAantibody S4497. The dashed line indicates the limit of detection for theassay.

FIG. 7C shows comparison of AACs, rifa-102 and rifa-105. MRSA wasopsonized with S4497 antibody alone or with AAC: rifa-102 or rifa-105 atvarious concentrations ranging from 10 μg/mL to 0.003 μg/mL.

FIG. 7D shows AAC kills intracellular bacteria without harming themacrophages.

FIG. 7E shows recovery of live USA300 from inside macrophages from themacrophage cell lysis above. Few (10,000 fold fewer) live S. aureus wererecovered from macrophages infected with S4497-AAC opsonized bacteriacompared to naked antibody treated controls.

FIG. 8A shows in vivo efficacy of thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-pipBORrifa-102 AAC in an intraperitoneal infection model in A/J mice. Micewere infected with MRSA by intraperitoneal injection and treated with 50mg/Kg of S4497 antibody alone or with 50 mg/Kg of rifa-102 AAC (HC-A114CKabat=HC-A118C EU) by intraperitoneal injection. Mice were sacrificed 2days post infection and the total bacterial load was assessed in theperitoneal supernatant (Extracellular bacteria), peritoneal cells(Intracellular bacteria) or in the kidney.

FIG. 8B shows intravenous, in vivo, infection model in A/J mice. Micewere infected with MRSA by intravenous injection and treated with 50mg/Kg of S4497 antibody, 50 mg/Kg ofthio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-pipBOR, rifa-102 AAC or a simple mixtureof 50 mg/Kg of S4497 antibody+0.5 mg/Kg of free rifamycin. The greydashed line indicates the limit of detection for each organ.

FIG. 9A shows efficacy of thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-pipBOR, rifa-102AAC in an intravenous infection model by titration of the S4497-pipBORAAC.

FIG. 9B shows thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR, rifa-105 AACis more efficacious than thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-pipBOR, rifa-102AAC in an intravenous infection model by titration. Treatments withS4497 Antibody, rifa-102 AAC orthio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-dimethyl-pipBOR, rifa-112 AAC wereadministered at the indicated doses 30 minutes after infection. Micewere sacrificed 4 days after infection and the total number of survivingbacteria per mouse (2 kidneys pooled) was determined by plating.

FIG. 9C shows that thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR,rifa-105 AAC is more efficacious than S4497 Antibody or dimethylpipBOR 7antibiotic alone in an intravenous infection model. CB17.SCID miceinfected with 2×10⁷ CFU of MRSA by intravenous injection. One day afterinfection, the mice were treated with 50 mg/Kg of S4497 antibody, 50mg/Kg of AAC rifa-105 or with 0.5 mg/Kg of dimethyl-pipBOR 7, theequivalent dose of antibiotic that is contained in 50 mg/Kg of AAC).Mice were sacrificed 4 days after infection and the total number ofsurviving bacteria per mouse (2 kidneys pooled) was determined byplating.

FIG. 10A shows the prevalence of anti-S. aureus antibodies in humanserum. S. aureus infected patients or normal controls contain highamounts of WTA specific serum antibody with same specificity as anti-WTAS4497. Binding of various wild-type (WT) serum samples to MRSA thatexpressed the S4497 antigen was examined versus binding to a MRSA strainTarM/TarS DKO (double knockout) mutant which lacks the sugarmodifications that are recognized by the S4497 antibody.

FIG. 10B shows an AAC is efficacious in the presence of physiologicallevels of human IgG (10 mg/mL) in an in vitro macrophage assay with theUSA300 strain of MRSA. The thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR,rifa-105 is efficacious in the presence of 10 mg/mL of human IgG. TheUSA300 strain of MRSA was opsonized with AAC alone, or with AAC dilutedin 10 mg/mL of human IgG. The total number of surviving intracellularbacteria was assessed 2 days post infection.

FIG. 10C shows an in vivo infection model demonstrating that AAC isefficacious in the presence of physiological levels of human IgG. Thecombined data are from 3 independent experiments using two separatepreparations of thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR, rifa-105or 112 AAC. Mice treated with the AAC had a greater than 4-log reductionin bacterial loads (Students t-test p=0.0005).

FIG. 11A shows in vivo infection model demonstrating that AAC are moreefficacious than the current standard of care (SOC) antibioticvancomycin in mice that are reconstituted with normal levels of humanIgG. Mice were treated with S4497 antibody (50 mg/Kg), vancomycin (100mg/Kg), thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR 105 AAC (50 mg/Kg),or an AAC made with an isotype control antibody that does not recognizeMRSA, thio-hu-anti gD 5B5-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR 110 AAC (50mg/Kg).

FIG. 11B shows the relative binding of anti-Staph. aureus antibodies toUSA300 strain isolated from kidneys in an in vivo infection model, asdetermined by FACS. The S4497 antibody recognizes an N-acetylglucosaminemodification that is linked to wall teichoic acid (WTA) via abeta-anomeric bond on the cell wall of S. aureus. The S7578 antibodybinds to a similar N-acetylglucosamine modification that is joined toWTA via an alpha-anomeric bond. The rF1 antibody is a positive controlanti-MRSA antibody that recognizes sugar modifications found on a familyof SDR-repeat containing cell wall anchored proteins. The gD antibody isa negative control human IgG₁ that does not recognize S. aureus.

FIG. 11C shows in vivo infection model demonstrating that AAC,thio-S6078-HC A114C-LCWT-MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR 129 is moreefficacious than naked anti-WTA antibody S4497, according to the sameregimen as FIG. 11A, in mice that are reconstituted with normal levelsof human IgG. Mice were treated with S4497 antibody (50 mg/Kg), orthio-S6078-HC A114C-LCWT-MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR 129 AAC (50 mg/Kg).

FIG. 12 shows a growth inhibition assay demonstrating that AAC are nottoxic to S. aureus unless the linker is cleaved by cathepsin B. Aschematic cathepsin release assay (Example 20) is shown on the left. AACis treated with cathepsin B to release free antibiotic. The total amountof antibiotic activity in the intact vs. the cathepsin B treated AAC isdetermined by preparing serial dilutions of the resulting reaction anddetermining the minimum dose of AAC that is able to inhibit the growthof S. aureus. The upper right plot shows the cathepsin release assay forthio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-pipBOR 102 and the lower right plot showsthe cathepsin release assay forthio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR 105.

FIG. 13A shows an amino acid sequence alignment of the light chainvariable regions (VL) of four human anti-WTA alpha antibodies (SEQ IDNOS 25, 27, 29 and 31, respectively, in order of appearance). The CDRsequences CDRL1, L2 and L3 according to Kabat numbering are underlined.

FIG. 13B shows an amino acid sequence alignment of the heavy chainvariable regions (VH) of the four human anti-WTA alpha antibodies ofFIG. 13A. The CDR sequences CDR H1, H2 and H3 according to Kabatnumbering are underlined (SEQ ID NOS 26, 28, 30 and 32, respectively, inorder of appearance).

FIG. 14 shows the CDR sequences of the L and H chains of 13 humananti-WTA beta antibodies (SEQ ID NOS 33-110).

FIGS. 15A-1 and 15A-2 show an alignment of the full length L chain(light chain) of anti-WTA beta Ab 6078 (unmodified) and its variants,v2, v3, v4 (SEQ ID NOS 113, 113, 115, 113, 115, 113, 115 and 115,respectively, in order of appearance). The CDR sequences CDR17L1, L2 andL3 according to Kabat numbering are underlined. Boxes show the contactresidues and CDR residues according to Kabat and Chothia. L chainvariants that contain an engineered Cys are indicated by the C in theblack box the end of the constant region (at EU residue no. 205 in thiscase). The variant designation, e.g., v2LC-Cys means variant 2containing a Cys engineered into the L chain. HCLC-Cys means each of theH and L chains contain an engineered Cys. Variants 2, 3 and 4 havechanges in the beginning of the H chain as shown in FIG. 15B.

FIGS. 15B-1, 15B-2, 15B-3, 15B-4 show an alignment of the full length Hchain (heavy chain) of anti-WTA beta Ab 6078 (unmodified) and itsvariants, v2, v3, v4 (SEQ ID NOS 114, 139-144 and 143, respectively, inorder of appearance) which have changes in the beginning of the H chain.H chain variants that contain an engineered Cys are indicated by the Cin the dotted boxes near the end of the constant region (at EU residueno. 118 in this case).

FIGS. 16A-1 and 16A-2 show an alignment of the full length L chain ofanti-WTA beta Ab 4497 (unmodified) and Cys engineered L chains (SEQ IDNOS 121, 123, 145 and 145, respectively, in order of appearance). TheCDR sequences CDRL1, L2 and L3 according to Kabat numbering areunderlined. Boxes show the contact residues and CDR residues accordingto Kabat and Chothia. L chain variants that contain an engineered Cysare indicated by the C in the dotted boxes near the end of the constantregion (at EU residue no. 205 in this case).

FIGS. 16B-1, 16B-2, 16B-3 show an alignment of the full length H chainof anti-WTA beta Ab 4497 (unmodified) and its v8 variant with D alteredto E in CDR H3 position 96, with or without the engineered Cys (SEQ IDNOS 146-147, 157 and 147, respectively, in order of appearance). H chainvariants that contain an engineered Cys are indicated by the C

FIGS. 17A-1, 17A-2, 17A-3 show an amino acid sequence alignment of thefull length light chain of the thirteen human anti-WTA beta antibodies(SEQ ID NOS 113, 158-167, 121 and 168, respectively, in order ofappearance). The variable region (VL) spans Kabat amino acid positions 1to 107. The CDR sequences CDRL1, L2 and L3 according to Kabat numberingare underlined.

FIGS. 17B-1 to 17B-6 show an amino acid sequence alignment of the fulllength heavy chain of the thirteen human anti-WTA beta antibodies ofFIGS. 17A-1, 17A-2, 17A-3 (SEQ ID NOS 114, 169, 170, 125-131, 133-134,138 and 127, respectively, in order of appearance). The variable region(VH) spans Kabat amino acid positions 1-113. The CDR sequences CDR H1,H2 and H3 according to Kabat numbering are underlined. H chain Euposition 118 marked by an asterisk can be changed to Cys for drugconjugation. Residues highlighted in black can be replaced with otherresidues that do not affect antigen binding to avoid deamidation,aspartic acid isomerization, oxidation or N-linked glycosylation.

FIG. 18A shows binding of Ab 4497 mutants to S. aureus cell wall asanalyzed by ELISA.

FIG. 18B shows a comparison of Ab 4497 and its mutants (SEQ ID NOS 132,135, 136, 137, respectively, in order of appearance) in the highlightedamino acid positions and their relative antigen binding strength astested by ELISA.

FIG. 19 shows the results of FACS analysis of Ab 6078 WT and mutantsbinding to protein A deficient strain of USA300 (USA300-SPA), asdescribed in Example 23. The mutants showed unimpaired binding to S.aureus.

FIG. 20 shows that pre-treatment with 50 mg/kg of free antibodies is notefficacious in an intravenous infection model. Balb/c mice were given asingle dose of vehicle control (PBS) or 50 mg/Kg of antibodies byintravenous injection 30 minutes prior to infection with 2×10⁷ CFU ofUSA300. Treatment groups included an isotype control antibody that doesnot bind to S. aureus (gD), an antibody directed against the betamodification of wall teichoic acid (4497) or an antibody directedagainst the alpha modification of wall teichoic acid (7578). Controlmice were given twice daily treatments with 110 mg/Kg of vancomycin byintraperitoneal injection (Vanco).

FIGS. 21 and 22 show that AACs directed against either the betamodification of wall teichoic acid or the alpha modification of wallteichoic acid are efficacious in an intravenous infection model usingmice that are reconstituted with normal levels of human IgG. CB17.SCIDmice were reconstituted with human IgG using a dosing regimen optimizedto yield constant levels of at least 10 mg/mL of human IgG in serum andinfected with 2×10⁷ CFU of USA300 by intravenous injection. Treatmentwas initiated 1 day after infection with buffer only control (PBS), 60mg/Kg of beta-WTA AAC (136 AAC) or 60 mg/Kg of alpha-WTA AAC (155 AAC).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments of theinvention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingstructures and formulas. While the invention will be described inconjunction with the enumerated embodiments, including methods,materials and examples, such description is non-limiting and theinvention is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, andequivalents, whether they are generally known, or incorporated herein.In the event that one or more of the incorporated literature, patents,and similar materials differs from or contradicts this application,including but not limited to defined terms, term usage, describedtechniques, or the like, this application controls. Unless otherwisedefined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the samemeaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art towhich this invention belongs. One skilled in the art will recognize manymethods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein,which could be used in the practice of the present invention. Thepresent invention is in no way limited to the methods and materialsdescribed.

All publications, patent applications, patents, and other referencesmentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

I. General Techniques

The techniques and procedures described or referenced herein aregenerally well understood and commonly employed using conventionalmethodology by those skilled in the art, such as, for example, thewidely utilized methodologies described in Sambrook et al., MolecularCloning: A Laboratory Manual 3d edition (2001) Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Current Protocols inMolecular Biology (F. M. Ausubel, et al. eds., (2003)); the seriesMethods in Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc.): PCR 2: A PracticalApproach (M. J. MacPherson, B. D. Hames and G. R. Taylor eds. (1995)),Harlow and Lane, eds. (1988) Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, and AnimalCell Culture (R. I. Freshney, ed. (1987)); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M.J. Gait, ed., 1984); Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press; CellBiology: A Laboratory Notebook (J. E. Cellis, ed., 1998) Academic Press;Animal Cell Culture (R. I. Freshney), ed., 1987); Introduction to Celland Tissue Culture (J. P. Mather and P. E. Roberts, 1998) Plenum Press;Cell and Tissue Culture: Laboratory Procedures (A. Doyle, J. B.Griffiths, and D. G. Newell, eds., 1993-8) J. Wiley and Sons; Handbookof Experimental Immunology (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell, eds.); GeneTransfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells (J. M. Miller and M. P. Calos,eds., 1987); PCR: The Polymerase Chain Reaction, (Mullis et al., eds.,1994); Current Protocols in Immunology (J. E. Coligan et al., eds.,1991); Short Protocols in Molecular Biology (Wiley and Sons, 1999);Immunobiology (C. A. Janeway and P. Travers, 1997); Antibodies (P.Finch, 1997); Antibodies: A Practical Approach (D. Catty., ed., IRLPress, 1988-1989); Monoclonal Antibodies: A Practical Approach (P.Shepherd and C. Dean, eds., Oxford University Press, 2000); UsingAntibodies: A Laboratory Manual (E. Harlow and D. Lane (Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory Press, 1999); The Antibodies (M. Zanetti and J. D.Capra, eds., Harwood Academic Publishers, 1995); and Cancer: Principlesand Practice of Oncology (V. T. DeVita et al., eds., J. B. LippincottCompany, 1993).

The nomenclature used in this Application is based on IUPAC systematicnomenclature, unless indicated otherwise. Unless defined otherwise,technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning ascommonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which thisinvention belongs, and are consistent with: Singleton et al (1994)Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd Ed., J. Wiley &Sons, New York, N.Y.; and Janeway, C., Travers, P., Walport, M.,Shlomchik (2001) Immunobiology, 5th Ed., Garland Publishing, New York.

II. Definitions

When indicating the number of substituents, the term “one or more”refers to the range from one substituent to the highest possible numberof substitution, i.e. replacement of one hydrogen up to replacement ofall hydrogens by substituents. The term “substituent” denotes an atom ora group of atoms replacing a hydrogen atom on the parent molecule. Theterm “substituted” denotes that a specified group bears one or moresubstituents. Where any group may carry multiple substituents and avariety of possible substituents is provided, the substituents areindependently selected and need not to be the same. The term“unsubstituted” means that the specified group bears no substituents.The term “optionally substituted” means that the specified group isunsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents, independentlychosen from the group of possible substituents. When indicating thenumber of substituents, the term “one or more” means from onesubstituent to the highest possible number of substitution, i.e.replacement of one hydrogen up to replacement of all hydrogens bysubstituents.

The term “wall teichoic acid” (WTA) means anionic glycopolymers that arecovalently attached to peptidoglycan via phosphodiester linkage to theC6 hydroxyl of the N-acetyl muramic acid sugars. While the precisechemical structure can vary among organisms, in one embodiment, WTA is aribitol teichoic acid with repeating units of 1,5-phosphodiesterlinkages of D-ribitol and D-alanyl ester on position 2 and glycosylsubstituents on position 4. The glycosyl groups may beN-acetylglucosaminyl α (alpha) or β (beta) as present in S. Aureus. Thehydroxyls on the alditol/sugar alcohol phosphate repeats are substitutedwith cationic D-alanine esters and monosaccharides, such asN-acetylglucosamine. In one aspect, the hydroxyl substituents includeD-alanyl and alpha (α) or beta (β) GlcNHAc. In one specific aspect, WTAcomprises a compound of the formula:

where the wavy lines indicate repeating linkage units or the attachmentsites of Polyalditol-P or the peptidoglycan, where X is D-alanyl or —H;and Y is a (alpha)-GlcNHAc or β. (beta)-GlcNHAc.

In S. aureus, WTA is covalently linked to the 6-OH of N-acetyl muramicacid (MurNAc) via a disaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine(GlcNAc)-1-P and N-acetylmannoseamine (ManNAc), which is followed by twoor three units of glycerol-phosphates. The actual WTA polymer is thencomposed of 11-40 ribitol-phosphate (Rbo-P) repeating units. Thestep-wise synthesis of WTA is first initiated by the enzyme called TagO,and S. aureus strains lacking the TagO gene (by artificial deletion ofthe gene) do not make any WTA. The repeating units can be furthertailored with D-alanine (D-Ala) at C2-OH and/or with N-acetylglucosamine(GlcNAc) at the C4-OH position via α- (alpha) or β- (beta) glycosidiclinkages. Depending of the S. aureus strain, or the growth phase of thebacteria the glycosidic linkages could be α-, β-, or a mixture of thetwo anomers.

The term “antibiotic” (abx or Abx) includes any molecule thatspecifically inhibits the growth of or kill micro-organisms, such asbacteria, but is non-lethal to the host at the concentration and dosinginterval administered. In a specific aspect, an antibiotic is non-toxicto the host at the administered concentration and dosing intervals.Antibiotics effective against bacteria can be broadly classified aseither bactericidal (i.e., directly kills) or bacteriostatic (i.e.,prevents division). Anti-bactericidal antibiotics can be furthersubclassified as narrow-spectrum or broad-spectrum. A broad-spectrumantibiotic is one effective against a broad range of bacteria includingboth Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, in contrast to anarrow-spectrum antibiotic, which is effective against a smaller rangeor specific families of bacteria. Examples of antibiotics include: (i)aminoglycosides, e.g., amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin,netilmicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, paromycin, (ii) ansamycins, e.g.,geldanamycin, herbimycin, (iii) carbacephems, e.g., loracarbef, (iv),carbapenems, e.g., ertapenum, doripenem, imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem,(v) cephalosporins (first generation), e.g., cefadroxil, cefazolin,cefalotin, cefalexin, (vi) cephalosporins (second generation), e.g.,ceflaclor, cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefprozil, cefuroxime, (vi)cephalosporins (third generation), e.g., cefixime, cefdinir, cefditoren,cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftibuten,ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, (vii) cephalosporins (fourth generation),e.g., cefepime, (viii), cephalosporins (fifth generation), e.g.,ceftobiprole, (ix) glycopeptides, e.g., teicoplanin, vancomycin, (x)macrolides, e.g., axithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycine,erythromycin, roxithromycin, troleandomycin, telithromycin,spectinomycin, (xi) monobactams, e.g., axtreonam, (xii) penicilins,e.g., amoxicillin, ampicillin, axlocillin, carbenicillin, cloxacillin,dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin, mezlocillin, meticillin, nafcilin,oxacillin, penicillin, peperacillin, ticarcillin, (xiii) antibioticpolypeptides, e.g., bacitracin, colistin, polymyxin B, (xiv) quinolones,e.g., ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, lemefloxacin,moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, orfloxacin, trovafloxacin, (xv) sulfonamides,e.g., mafenide, prontosil, sulfacetamide, sulfamethizole, sulfanilamide,sulfasalazine, sulfisoxazole, trimethoprim,trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), (xvi) tetracyclines, e.g.,demeclocycline, doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline, tetracyclineand (xvii) others such as arspenamine, chloramphenicol, clindamycin,lincomycin, ethambutol, fosfomycin, fusidic acid, furazolidone,isoniazid, linezolid, metronidazole, mupirocin, nitrofurantoin,platensimycin, pyrazinamide, quinupristin/dalfopristin,rifampin/rifampicin or tinidazole.

As used herein, the term “WTA antibody” refers to any antibody thatbinds WTA whether WTA alpha or WTA beta. The terms “anti-wall teichoicacid alpha antibody” or “anti-WTA alpha antibody” or “anti-αWTA” or“anti-αGlcNac WTA antibody” are used interchangeably to refer to anantibody that specifically binds wall teichoic acid (WTA) alpha.Similarly, the terms “anti-wall teichoic acid beta antibody” or“anti-WTA beta antibody” or “anti-βWTA” or “anti-βGlcNac WTA antibody”are used interchangeably to refer to an antibody that specifically bindswall teichoic acid (WTA) beta. The terms “anti-Staph antibody” and “anantibody that binds to Staph” refer to an antibody that is capable ofbinding an antigen on Staphylococcus aureus (“Staph” or “S. aureus”)with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as adiagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting Staph. In oneembodiment, the extent of binding of an anti-Staph antibody to anunrelated, non-Staph protein is less than about 10% of the binding ofthe antibody to MRSA as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Incertain embodiments, an antibody that binds to Staph has a dissociationconstant (Kd) of ≤1 μM, ≤100 nM, ≤10 nM, ≤5 Nm, ≤4 nM, ≤3 nM, ≤2 nM, ≤1nM, ≤0.1 nM, ≤0.01 nM, or ≤0.001 nM (e.g., 10⁻⁸ M or less, e.g. from10⁻⁸ M to 10⁻¹³ M, e.g., from 10⁻⁹ M to 10⁻¹³ M). In certainembodiments, an anti-Staph antibody binds to an epitope of Staph that isconserved among Staph from different species.

The term “methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus” (MRSA),alternatively known as multidrug resistant Staphyloccus aureus oroxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA), refers to any strainof Staphyloccus aureus that is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics,which in include the penicillins (e.g., methicillin, dicloxacillin,nafcillin, oxacillin, etc.) and the cephalosporins.“Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus” (MSSA) refers to anystrain of Staphyloccus aureus that is sensitive to beta-lactamantibiotics.

The term “minimum inhibitory concentration” (“MIC”) refers to the lowestconcentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growthof a microorganism after overnight incubation. Assay for determining MICare known. One method is as described in Example 18 below.

The term “antibody” herein is used in the broadest sense andspecifically covers monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies,dimers, multimers, multi specific antibodies (e.g., bispecificantibodies), and antigen binding antibody fragments thereof, (Miller etal (2003) J. of Immunology 170:4854-4861). Antibodies may be murine,human, humanized, chimeric, or derived from other species. An antibodyis a protein generated by the immune system that is capable ofrecognizing and binding to a specific antigen (Janeway, C., Travers, P.,Walport, M., Shlomchik (2001) Immuno Biology, 5th Ed., GarlandPublishing, New York). A target antigen generally has numerous bindingsites, also called epitopes, recognized by CDRs on multiple antibodies.Each antibody that specifically binds to a different epitope has adifferent structure. Thus, one antigen may be recognized and bound bymore than one corresponding antibody. An antibody includes a full-lengthimmunoglobulin molecule or an immunologically active portion of afull-length immunoglobulin molecule, i.e., a molecule that contains anantigen binding site that immunospecifically binds an antigen of atarget of interest or part thereof, such targets including but notlimited to, cancer cell or cells that produce autoimmune antibodiesassociated with an autoimmune disease, an infected cell or amicroorganism such as a bacterium. The immunoglobulin (Ig) disclosedherein can be of any isotype except IgM (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgD, and IgA)and subclass (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2. Theimmunoglobulins can be derived from any species. In one aspect, the Igis of human, murine, or rabbit origin. In a specific embodiment, the Igis of human origin.

The “class” of an antibody refers to the type of constant domain orconstant region possessed by its heavy chain. There are five majorclasses of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of thesemay be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG₁, IgG₂,IgG₃, IgG₄, IgA₁, and IgA₂. The heavy chain constant domains thatcorrespond to the different classes of immunoglobulins are called α, δ,ϵ, γ, and μ, respectively.

“Native antibodies” refer to naturally occurring immunoglobulinmolecules with varying structures. For example, native IgG antibodiesare heterotetrameric glycoproteins of about 150,000 daltons, composed oftwo identical light chains and two identical heavy chains that aredisulfide-bonded. From N- to C-terminus, each heavy chain has a variableregion (VH), also called a variable heavy domain or a heavy chainvariable domain, followed by three constant domains (CH1, CH2, and CH3).Similarly, from N- to C-terminus, each light chain has a variable region(VL), also called a variable light domain or a light chain variabledomain, followed by a constant light (CL) domain. The light chain of anantibody may be assigned to one of two types, called kappa (κ) andlambda (λ), based on the amino acid sequence of its constant domain.

The terms “full length antibody,” “intact antibody,” and “wholeantibody” are used herein interchangeably to refer to an antibody havinga structure substantially similar to a native antibody structure orhaving heavy chains that contain an Fc region as defined herein.

An “antigen-binding fragment” of an antibody refers to a molecule otherthan an intact antibody that comprises a portion of an intact antibodythat binds the antigen to which the intact antibody binds. Examples ofantibody fragments include but are not limited to Fv, Fab, Fab′,Fab′-SH, F(ab′)₂; diabodies; linear antibodies; single-chain antibodymolecules (e.g. scFv); and multispecific antibodies formed from antibodyfragments.

The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibodyobtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies,i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identicaland/or bind the same epitope, except for possible variant antibodies,e.g., containing naturally occurring mutations or arising duringproduction of a monoclonal antibody preparation (e.g., natural variationin glycosylation), such variants generally being present in minoramounts. One such possible variant for IgG1 antibodies is the cleavageof the C-terminal lysine (K) of the heavy chain constant region. Incontrast to polyclonal antibody preparations, which typically includedifferent antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes),each monoclonal antibody of a monoclonal antibody preparation isdirected against a single determinant on an antigen. Thus, the modifier“monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtainedfrom a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not tobe construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particularmethod. For example, the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordancewith the present invention may be made by a variety of techniques,including but not limited to the hybridoma method, recombinant DNAmethods, phage-display methods, and methods utilizing transgenic animalscontaining all or part of the human immunoglobulin loci, such methodsand other exemplary methods for making monoclonal antibodies beingdescribed herein. In addition to their specificity, the monoclonalantibodies are advantageous in that they may be synthesizeduncontaminated by other antibodies.

The term “chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody in which a portion ofthe heavy and/or light chain is derived from a particular source orspecies, while the remainder of the heavy and/or light chain is derivedfrom a different source or species.

A “human antibody” is one which possesses an amino acid sequence whichcorresponds to that of an antibody produced by a human or a human cellor derived from a non-human source that utilizes human antibodyrepertoires or other human antibody-encoding sequences. This definitionof a human antibody specifically excludes a humanized antibodycomprising non-human antigen-binding residues.

A “humanized antibody” refers to a chimeric antibody comprising aminoacid residues from non-human HVRs and amino acid residues from humanFRs. In certain embodiments, a humanized antibody will comprisesubstantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains,in which all or substantially all of the HVRs (e.g., CDRs) correspond tothose of a non-human antibody, and all or substantially all of the FRscorrespond to those of a human antibody. A humanized antibody optionallymay comprise at least a portion of an antibody constant region derivedfrom a human antibody. A “humanized form” of an antibody, e.g., anon-human antibody, refers to an antibody that has undergonehumanization.

The term “variable region” or “variable domain” refers to the domain ofan antibody heavy or light chain that is involved in binding theantibody to antigen. The variable domains of the heavy chain and lightchain (VH and VL, respectively) of a native antibody generally havesimilar structures, with each domain comprising four conserved frameworkregions (FRs) and three hypervariable regions (HVRs). (See, e.g., Kindtet al. Kuby Immunology, 6^(th) ed., W.H. Freeman and Co., page 91(2007).) A single VH or VL domain may be sufficient to conferantigen-binding specificity. Furthermore, antibodies that bind aparticular antigen may be isolated using a VH or VL domain from anantibody that binds the antigen to screen a library of complementary VLor VH domains, respectively. See, e.g., Portolano et al., J. Immunol.150:880-887 (1993); Clarkson et al., Nature 352:624-628 (1991).

The term “hypervariable region,” “HVR,” or “HV,” when used herein refersto the regions of an antibody variable domain which are hypervariable insequence (“complementarity determining regions” or “CDRs”) and/or formstructurally defined loops and/or contain the antigen-contactingresidues (“antigen contacts”). Generally, antibodies comprise six HVRs;three in the VH (H1, H2, H3), and three in the VL (L1, L2, L3). Innative antibodies, H3 and L3 display the most diversity of the six HVRs,and H3 in particular is believed to play a unique role in conferringfine specificity to antibodies. See, e.g., Xu et al., Immunity 13:37-45(2000); Johnson and Wu, in Methods in Molecular Biology 248:1-25 (Lo,ed., Human Press, Totowa, N.J., 2003). Indeed, naturally occurringcamelid antibodies consisting of a heavy chain only are functional andstable in the absence of light chain. See, e.g., Hamers-Casterman etal., Nature 363:446-448 (1993); Sheriff et al., Nature Struct. Biol.3:733-736 (1996).

A number of HVR delineations are in use and are encompassed herein. TheKabat Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs) are based on sequencevariability and are the most commonly used (Kabat et al., Sequences ofProteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service,National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)). Chothia refersinstead to the location of the structural loops (Chothia and Lesk,(1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917). For antigen contacts, refer toMacCallum et al. J. Mol. Biol. 262: 732-745 (1996). The AbM HVRsrepresent a compromise between the Kabat HVRs and Chothia structuralloops, and are used by Oxford Molecular's AbM antibody modelingsoftware. The “contact” HVRs are based on an analysis of the availablecomplex crystal structures. The residues from each of these HVRs arenoted below.

Loop Kabat AbM Chothia Contact L1 L24-L34 L24-L34 L26-L32 L30-L36 L2L50-L56 L50-L56 L50-L52 L46-L55 L3 L89-L97 L89-L97 L91-L96 L89-L96 H1H31-H35B H26-H35B H26-H32 H30-H35B (Kabat numbering) H1 H31-H35 H26-H35H26-H32 H30-H35 (Chothia numbering) H2 H50-H65 H50-H58 H53-H55 H47-H58H3 H95-H102 H95-H102 H96-H101 H93-H101

HVRs may comprise “extended HVRs” as follows: 24-36 or 24-34 (L1), 46-56or 50-56 (L2) and 89-97 or 89-96 (L3) in the VL and 26-35 (H1), 50-65 or49-65 (H2) and 93-102, 94-102, or 95-102 (H3) in the VH. Unlessotherwise indicated, HVR residues, CDR residues and other residues inthe variable domain (e.g., FR residues) are numbered herein according toKabat et al., supra.

The expression “variable-domain residue-numbering as in Kabat” or“amino-acid-position numbering as in Kabat,” and variations thereof,refers to the numbering system used for heavy-chain variable domains orlight-chain variable domains of the compilation of antibodies in Kabatet al., supra. Using this numbering system, the actual linear amino acidsequence may contain fewer or additional amino acids corresponding to ashortening of, or insertion into, a FR or HVR of the variable domain.For example, a heavy-chain variable domain may include a single aminoacid insert (residue 52a according to Kabat) after residue 52 of H2 andinserted residues (e.g. residues 82a, 82b, and 82c, etc. according toKabat) after heavy-chain FR residue 82. The Kabat numbering of residuesmay be determined for a given antibody by alignment at regions ofhomology of the sequence of the antibody with a “standard” Kabatnumbered sequence.

“Framework” or “FR” refers to variable domain residues other thanhypervariable region (HVR) residues. The FR of a variable domaingenerally consists of four FR domains: FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4.Accordingly, the HVR and FR sequences generally appear in the followingsequence in VH (or VL): FR1-H1(L1)-FR2-H2(L2)-FR3-H3(L3)-FR4.

An “acceptor human framework” for the purposes herein is a frameworkcomprising the amino acid sequence of a light chain variable domain (VL)framework or a heavy chain variable domain (VH) framework derived from ahuman immunoglobulin framework or a human consensus framework, asdefined below. An acceptor human framework “derived from” a humanimmunoglobulin framework or a human consensus framework may comprise thesame amino acid sequence thereof, or it may contain amino acid sequencechanges. In some embodiments, the number of amino acid changes are 10 orless, 9 or less, 8 or less, 7 or less, 6 or less, 5 or less, 4 or less,3 or less, or 2 or less. In some embodiments, the VL acceptor humanframework is identical in sequence to the VL human immunoglobulinframework sequence or human consensus framework sequence.

A “human consensus framework” is a framework which represents the mostcommonly occurring amino acid residues in a selection of humanimmunoglobulin VL or VH framework sequences. Generally, the selection ofhuman immunoglobulin VL or VH sequences is from a subgroup of variabledomain sequences. Generally, the subgroup of sequences is a subgroup asin Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, FifthEdition, NIH Publication 91-3242, Bethesda Md. (1991), vols. 1-3. In oneembodiment, for the VL, the subgroup is subgroup kappa I as in Kabat etal., supra. In one embodiment, for the VH, the subgroup is subgroup IIIas in Kabat et al., supra.

“Affinity” refers to the strength of the sum total of noncovalentinteractions between a single binding site of a molecule (e.g., anantibody) and its binding partner (e.g., an antigen). Unless indicatedotherwise, as used herein, “binding affinity” refers to intrinsicbinding affinity which reflects a 1:1 interaction between members of abinding pair (e.g., antibody and antigen). The affinity of a molecule Xfor its partner Y can generally be represented by the dissociationconstant (Kd). Affinity can be measured by common methods known in theart, including those described herein.

An “affinity matured” antibody refers to an antibody with one or morealterations in one or more hypervariable regions (HVRs), compared to aparent antibody which does not possess such alterations, suchalterations resulting in an improvement in the affinity of the antibodyfor antigen.

The term “epitope” refers to the particular site on an antigen moleculeto which an antibody binds.

An “antibody that binds to the same epitope” as a reference antibodyrefers to an antibody that blocks binding of the reference antibody toits antigen in a competition assay by 50% or more, and conversely, thereference antibody blocks binding of the antibody to its antigen in acompetition assay by 50% or more. An exemplary competition assay isprovided herein.

A “naked antibody” refers to an antibody that is not conjugated to aheterologous moiety (e.g., a cytotoxic moiety) or radiolabel. The nakedantibody may be present in a pharmaceutical formulation.

“Effector functions” refer to those biological activities attributableto the Fc region of an antibody, which vary with the antibody isotype.Examples of antibody effector functions include: C1q binding andcomplement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC); Fc receptor binding;antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC); phagocytosis; downregulation of cell surface receptors (e.g. B cell receptor); and B cellactivation.

“Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity” or ADCC refers to a formof cytotoxicity in which secreted Ig bound onto Fc receptors (FcRs)present on certain cytotoxic cells (e.g., natural killer (NK) cells,neutrophils and macrophages) enable these cytotoxic effector cells tobind specifically to an antigen-bearing target cell and subsequentlykill the target cell with cytotoxins. The antibodies “arm” the cytotoxiccells and are required for killing of the target cell by this mechanism.The primary cells for mediating ADCC, NK cells, express Fcγ(gamma)RIIIonly, whereas monocytes express Fcγ(gamma)RI, Fcγ(gamma)RII andFcγ(gamma)RIII Fc expression on hematopoietic cells is summarized inTable 3 on page 464 of Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9: 457-92(1991). To assess ADCC activity of a molecule of interest, an in vitroADCC assay, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,362 or5,821,337 may be performed. Useful effector cells for such assaysinclude peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and natural killer(NK) cells. Alternatively, or additionally, ADCC activity of themolecule of interest may be assessed in vivo, e.g., in an animal modelsuch as that disclosed in Clynes et al., PNAS USA 95:652-656 (1998).

“Phagocytosis” refers to a process by which a pathogen is engulfed orinternalized by a host cell (e.g., macrophage or neutrophil). Phagocytesmediate phagocytosis by three pathways: (i) direct cell surfacereceptors (for example, lectins, integrins and scavenger receptors) (ii)complement enhanced—using complement receptors (including CRI, receptorfor C3b, CR3 and CR4) to bind and ingest complement opsonized pathogens,and (iii) antibody enhanced—using Fc Receptors (including FcγgammaRI,FcγgammaRIIA and FcγgammaRIIIA) to bind antibody opsonized particleswhich then become internalized and fuse with lysosomes to becomephagolysosomes. In the present invention, it is believed that pathway(iii) plays a significant role in the delivery of the anti-MRSA AACtherapeutics to infected leukocytes, e.g., neutrophils and macrophages(Phagocytosis of Microbes: complexity in Action by D. Underhill and AOzinsky. (2002) Annual Review of Immunology, Vol 20:825).

“Complement dependent cytotoxicity” or “CDC” refers to the lysis of atarget cell in the presence of complement. Activation of the classicalcomplement pathway is initiated by the binding of the first component ofthe complement system (C1q) to antibodies (of the appropriate subclass)which are bound to their cognate antigen. To assess complementactivation, a CDC assay, e.g., as described in Gazzano-Santoro et al.,J. Immunol. Methods 202: 163 (1996), may be performed.

The term “Fc region” herein is used to define a C-terminal region of animmunoglobulin heavy chain. The term includes native-sequence Fc regionsand variant Fc regions. Although the boundaries of the Fc region of animmunoglobulin heavy chain might vary, the human IgG heavy-chain Fcregion is usually defined to stretch from an amino acid residue atposition Cys226, or from Pro230, to the carboxyl-terminus thereof. TheC-terminal lysine (residue 447 according to the EU numbering system—alsocalled the EU index, as described in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteinsof Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, NationalInstitutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., 1991) of the Fc region may beremoved, for example, during production or purification of the antibody,or by recombinantly engineering the nucleic acid encoding a heavy chainof the antibody. Accordingly, a composition of intact antibodies maycomprise antibody populations with all K447 residues removed, antibodypopulations with no K447 residues removed, and antibody populationshaving a mixture of antibodies with and without the K447 residue. Theterm “Fc receptor” or “FcR” also includes the neonatal receptor, FcRn,which is responsible for the transfer of maternal IgGs to the fetus.Guyer et al., J. Immunol. 117: 587 (1976) and Kim et al., J. Immunol.24: 249 (1994). Methods of measuring binding to FcRn are known (see,e.g., Ghetie and Ward, Immunol. Today 18: (12): 592-8 (1997); Ghetie etal., Nature Biotechnology 15 (7): 637-40 (1997); Hinton et al., J. Biol.Chem. 279(8): 6213-6 (2004); WO 2004/92219 (Hinton et al.). Binding toFcRn in vivo and serum half-life of human FcRn high-affinity bindingpolypeptides can be assayed, e.g., in transgenic mice or transfectedhuman cell lines expressing human FcRn, or in primates to which thepolypeptides having a variant Fc region are administered. WO 2004/42072(Presta) describes antibody variants which improved or diminishedbinding to FcRs. See also, e.g., Shields et al., J. Biol. Chem. 9(2):6591-6604 (2001).

The carbohydrate attached to the Fc region may be altered. Nativeantibodies produced by mammalian cells typically comprise a branched,biantennary oligosaccharide that is generally attached by an N-linkageto Asn297 of the CH2 domain of the Fc region. See, e.g., Wright et al.(1997) TIBTECH 15:26-32. The oligosaccharide may include variouscarbohydrates, e.g., mannose, N-acetyl glucosamine (GIcNAc), galactose,and sialic acid, as well as a fucose attached to a GIcNAc in the “stem”of the biantennary oligosaccharide structure. In some embodiments,modifications of the oligosaccharide in an IgG may be made in order tocreate IgGs with certain additionally improved properties. For example,antibody modifications are provided having a carbohydrate structure thatlacks fucose attached (directly or indirectly) to an Fc region. Suchmodifications may have improved ADCC function. See, e.g. US 2003/0157108(Presta, L.); US 2004/0093621 (Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd). Examples ofpublications related to “defucosylated” or “fucose-deficient” antibodymodifications include: US 2003/0157108; WO 2000/61739; WO 2001/29246; US2003/0115614; US 2002/0164328; US 2004/0093621; US 2004/0132140; US2004/0110704; US 2004/0110282; US 2004/0109865; WO 2003/085119; WO2003/084570; WO 2005/035586; WO 2005/035778; WO2005/053742;WO2002/031140; Okazaki et al., J. Mol. Biol. 336: 1239-1249 (2004);Yamane-Ohnuki et al. Biotech. Bioeng. 87: 614 (2004). Examples of celllines capable of producing defucosylated antibodies include Lee 13 CHOcells deficient in protein fucosylation (Ripka et al. Arch. Biochem.Biophys. 249:533-545 (1986); US Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2003/0157108 A1,Presta, L; and WO 2004/056312 A1, Adams et al., especially at Example11), and knockout cell lines, such as alpha-1,6-fucosyltransferase gene,FUT8, knockout CHO cells (see, e.g., Yamane-Ohnuki et al., Biotech.Bioeng. 87: 614 (2004); Kanda, Y. et al, Biotechnol. Bioeng.,94(4):680-688 (2006); and WO2003/085107).

An “isolated antibody” is one which has been separated from a componentof its natural environment. In some embodiments, an antibody is purifiedto greater than 95% or 99% purity as determined by, for example,electrophoretic (e.g., SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing (IEF), capillaryelectrophoresis) or chromatographic (e.g., ion exchange or reverse phaseHPLC). For review of methods for assessment of antibody purity, see,e.g., Flatman et al., J. Chromatogr. B 848:79-87 (2007).

An “isolated nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid molecule that hasbeen separated from a component of its natural environment. An isolatednucleic acid includes a nucleic acid molecule contained in cells thatordinarily contain the nucleic acid molecule, but the nucleic acidmolecule is present extrachromosomally or at a chromosomal location thatis different from its natural chromosomal location.

“Isolated nucleic acid encoding an anti-WTA beta antibody” refers to oneor more nucleic acid molecules encoding antibody heavy and light chains,including such nucleic acid molecule(s) in a single vector or separatevectors, and such nucleic acid molecule(s) present at one or morelocations in a host cell.

As use herein, the term “specifically binds to” or is “specific for”refers to measurable and reproducible interactions such as bindingbetween a target and an antibody, which is determinative of the presenceof the target in the presence of a heterogeneous population of moleculesincluding biological molecules. For example, an antibody thatspecifically binds to a target (which can be an epitope) is an antibodythat binds this target with greater affinity, avidity, more readily,and/or with greater duration than it binds to other targets. In oneembodiment, the extent of binding of an antibody to a target unrelatedto WTA-beta is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to thetarget as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certainembodiments, an antibody that specifically binds to WTA beta has adissociation constant (Kd) of ≤1 μM, ≤100 nM, ≤10 nM, ≤1 nM, or ≤0.1 nM.In certain embodiments, an antibody specifically binds to an epitope onthat is conserved from different species. In another embodiment,specific binding can include, but does not require exclusive binding.

“Binding affinity” generally refers to the strength of the sum total ofnon-covalent interactions between a single binding site of a molecule(e.g., an antibody) and its binding partner (e.g., an antigen). Unlessindicated otherwise, as used herein, “binding affinity” refers tointrinsic binding affinity that reflects a 1:1 interaction betweenmembers of a binding pair (e.g., antibody and antigen). The affinity ofa molecule X for its partner Y can generally be represented by thedissociation constant (Kd). Affinity can be measured by common methodsknown in the art, including those described herein. Low-affinityantibodies generally bind antigen slowly and tend to dissociate readily,whereas high-affinity antibodies generally bind antigen faster and tendto remain bound longer. A variety of methods of measuring bindingaffinity are known in the art, any of which can be used for purposes ofthe present invention. Specific illustrative and exemplary embodimentsfor measuring binding affinity are described in the following.

In one embodiment, the “Kd” or “Kd value” according to this invention ismeasured by a radiolabeled antigen-binding assay (RIA) performed withthe Fab version of an antibody of interest and its antigen as describedby the following assay. Solution-binding affinity of Fabs for antigen ismeasured by equilibrating Fab with a minimal concentration of(¹²⁵I)-labeled antigen in the presence of a titration series ofunlabeled antigen, then capturing bound antigen with an anti-Fabantibody-coated plate (see, e.g., Chen et al., (1999) J. Mol. Biol.293:865-881). To establish conditions for the assay, microtiter plates(DYNEX Technologies, Inc.) are coated overnight with 5 μg/ml of acapturing anti-Fab antibody (Cappel Labs) in 50 mM sodium carbonate (pH9.6), and subsequently blocked with 2% (w/v) bovine serum albumin in PBSfor two to five hours at room temperature (approximately 23° C.). In anon-adsorbent plate (Nunc #269620), 100 pM or 26 pM [¹²⁵I]-antigen aremixed with serial dilutions of a Fab of interest (e.g., consistent withassessment of the anti-VEGF antibody, Fab-12, in Presta et al., CancerRes. 57:4593-4599 (1997)). The Fab of interest is then incubatedovernight; however, the incubation may continue for a longer period(e.g., about 65 hours) to ensure that equilibrium is reached.Thereafter, the mixtures are transferred to the capture plate forincubation at room temperature (e.g., for one hour). The solution isthen removed and the plate washed eight times with 0.1% TWEEN-20™surfactant in PBS. When the plates have dried, 150 μl/well ofscintillant (MICROSCINT-20™; Packard) is added, and the plates arecounted on a TOPCOUNT™ gamma counter (Packard) for ten minutes.Concentrations of each Fab that give less than or equal to 20% ofmaximal binding are chosen for use in competitive binding assays.

According to another embodiment, the Kd is measured by usingsurface-plasmon resonance assays using a BIACORE®-2000 or aBIACORE®-3000 instrument (BIAcore, Inc., Piscataway, N.J.) at 25° C.with immobilized antigen CM5 chips at ˜10 response units (RU). Briefly,carboxymethylated dextran biosensor chips (CM5, BIAcore Inc.) areactivated with N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimidehydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NETS) according to thesupplier's instructions. Antigen is diluted with 10 mM sodium acetate,pH 4.8, to 5 μg/ml (˜0.2 μM) before injection at a flow rate of 5μl/minute to achieve approximately 10 response units (RU) of coupledprotein. Following the injection of antigen, 1 M ethanolamine isinjected to block unreacted groups. For kinetics measurements, two-foldserial dilutions of Fab (0.78 nM to 500 nM) are injected in PBS with0.05% TWEEN 20^(Tm) surfactant (PBST) at 25° C. at a flow rate ofapproximately 25 μl/min. Association rates (k_(on)) and dissociationrates (k_(off)) are calculated using a simple one-to-one Langmuirbinding model (BIAcore® Evaluation Software version 3.2) bysimultaneously fitting the association and dissociation sensorgrams. Theequilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) is calculated as the ratiok_(off)/k_(on). See, e.g., Chen et al., J. Mol. Biol. 293:865-881(1999). If the on-rate exceeds 10⁶ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ by the surface-plasmonresonance assay above, then the on-rate can be determined by using afluorescent quenching technique that measures the increase or decreasein fluorescence-emission intensity (excitation=295 nm; emission=340 nm,16 nm band-pass) at 25° C. of a 20 nM anti-antigen antibody (Fab form)in PBS, pH 7.2, in the presence of increasing concentrations of antigenas measured in a spectrometer, such as a stop-flow-equippedspectrophotometer (Aviv Instruments) or a 8000-series SLM-AMINCO™spectrophotometer (ThermoSpectronic) with a stirred cuvette.

An “on-rate,” “rate of association,” “association rate,” or “k_(on)”according to this invention can also be determined as described aboveusing a BIACORE®-2000 or a BIACORE®-3000 system (BIAcore, Inc.,Piscataway, N.J.).

The terms “host cell,” “host cell line,” and “host cell culture” areused interchangeably and refer to cells into which exogenous nucleicacid has been introduced, including the progeny of such cells. Hostcells include “transformants” and “transformed cells,” which include theprimary transformed cell and progeny derived therefrom without regard tothe number of passages. Progeny may not be completely identical innucleic acid content to a parent cell, but may contain mutations. Mutantprogeny that have the same function or biological activity as screenedor selected for in the originally transformed cell are included herein.

The term “vector,” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid moleculecapable of propagating another nucleic acid to which it is linked. Theterm includes the vector as a self-replicating nucleic acid structure aswell as the vector incorporated into the genome of a host cell intowhich it has been introduced. Certain vectors are capable of directingthe expression of nucleic acids to which they are operatively linked.Such vectors are referred to herein as “expression vectors”.

“Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” with respect to a referencepolypeptide sequence is defined as the percentage of amino acid residuesin a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residuesin the reference polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences andintroducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequenceidentity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part ofthe sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percentamino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that arewithin the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly availablecomputer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR)software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parametersfor aligning sequences, including any algorithms needed to achievemaximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared.For purposes herein, however, % amino acid sequence identity values aregenerated using the sequence comparison computer program ALIGN-2. TheALIGN-2 sequence comparison computer program was authored by Genentech,Inc., and the source code has been filed with user documentation in theU.S. Copyright Office, Washington D.C., 20559, where it is registeredunder U.S. Copyright Registration No. TXU510087. The ALIGN-2 program ispublicly available from Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, Calif., ormay be compiled from the source code. The ALIGN-2 program should becompiled for use on a UNIX operating system, including digital UNIXV4.0D. All sequence comparison parameters are set by the ALIGN-2 programand do not vary.

In situations where ALIGN-2 is employed for amino acid sequencecomparisons, the % amino acid sequence identity of a given amino acidsequence A to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B (which canalternatively be phrased as a given amino acid sequence A that has orcomprises a certain % amino acid sequence identity to, with, or againsta given amino acid sequence B) is calculated as follows: 100 times thefraction X/Y, where X is the number of amino acid residues scored asidentical matches by the sequence alignment program ALIGN-2 in thatprogram's alignment of A and B, and where Y is the total number of aminoacid residues in B. It will be appreciated that where the length ofamino acid sequence A is not equal to the length of amino acid sequenceB, the % amino acid sequence identity of A to B will not equal the %amino acid sequence identity of B to A. Unless specifically statedotherwise, all % amino acid sequence identity values used herein areobtained as described.

The term “rifamycin-type antibiotic” means the class or group ofantibiotics having the structure of, or similar structure to, rifamycin.

When indicating the number of substituents, the term “one or more”refers to the range from one substituent to the highest possible numberof substitution, i.e. replacement of one hydrogen up to replacement ofall hydrogens by substituents. The term “substituent” denotes an atom ora group of atoms replacing a hydrogen atom on the parent molecule. Theterm “substituted” denotes that a specified group bears one or moresubstituents. Where any group may carry multiple substituents and avariety of possible substituents is provided, the substituents areindependently selected and need not to be the same. The term“unsubstituted” means that the specified group bears no substituents.The term “optionally substituted” means that the specified group isunsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents, independentlychosen from the group of possible substituents. When indicating thenumber of substituents, the term “one or more” means from onesubstituent to the highest possible number of substitution, i.e.replacement of one hydrogen up to replacement of all hydrogens bysubstituents.

The term “alkyl” as used herein refers to a saturated linear orbranched-chain monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to twelve carbonatoms (C₁-C₁₂), wherein the alkyl radical may be optionally substitutedindependently with one or more substituents described below. In anotherembodiment, an alkyl radical is one to eight carbon atoms (C₁-C₈), orone to six carbon atoms (C₁-C₆). Examples of alkyl groups include, butare not limited to, methyl (Me, —CH₃), ethyl (Et, —CH₂CH₃), 1-propyl(n-Pr, n-propyl, —CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, —CH(CH₃)₂),1-butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-methyl-1-propyl (i-Bu,i-butyl, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 2-butyl (s-Bu, s-butyl, —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃),2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, —C(CH₃)₃), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl,—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-pentyl (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₃), 3-pentyl(—CH(CH₂CH₃)₂), 2-methyl-2-butyl (—C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₃), 3-methyl-2-butyl(—CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)₂), 3-methyl-1-butyl (—CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 2-methyl-1-butyl(—CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃), 1-hexyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-hexyl(—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 3-hexyl (—CH(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₂CH₃)),2-methyl-2-pentyl (—C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 3-methyl-2-pentyl(—CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃), 4-methyl-2-pentyl (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH(CH₃)₂),3-methyl-3-pentyl (—C(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃)₂), 2-methyl-3-pentyl(—CH(CH₂CH₃)CH(CH₃)₂), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (—C(CH₃)₂CH(CH₃)₂),3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (—CH(CH₃)C(CH₃)₃, 1-heptyl, 1-octyl, and the like.

The term “alkylene” as used herein refers to a saturated linear orbranched-chain divalent hydrocarbon radical of one to twelve carbonatoms (C₁-C₁₂), wherein the alkylene radical may be optionallysubstituted independently with one or more substituents described below.In another embodiment, an alkylene radical is one to eight carbon atoms(C₁-C₈), or one to six carbon atoms (C₁-C₆). Examples of alkylene groupsinclude, but are not limited to, methylene (—CH₂—), ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—),propylene (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—), and the like.

The term “alkenyl” refers to linear or branched-chain monovalenthydrocarbon radical of two to eight carbon atoms (C₂-C₈) with at leastone site of unsaturation, i.e., a carbon-carbon, sp² double bond,wherein the alkenyl radical may be optionally substituted independentlywith one or more substituents described herein, and includes radicalshaving “cis” and “trans” orientations, or alternatively, “E” and “Z”orientations. Examples include, but are not limited to, ethylenyl orvinyl (—CH═CH₂), allyl (—CH₂CH═CH₂), and the like.

The term “alkenylene” refers to linear or branched-chain divalenthydrocarbon radical of two to eight carbon atoms (C₂-C₈) with at leastone site of unsaturation, i.e., a carbon-carbon, sp² double bond,wherein the alkenylene radical may be optionally substitutedindependently with one or more substituents described herein, andincludes radicals having “cis” and “trans” orientations, oralternatively, “E” and “Z” orientations. Examples include, but are notlimited to, ethylenylene or vinylene (—CH═CH—), allyl (—CH₂CH═CH—), andthe like.

The term “alkynyl” refers to a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbonradical of two to eight carbon atoms (C₂-C₈) with at least one site ofunsaturation, i.e., a carbon-carbon, sp triple bond, wherein the alkynylradical may be optionally substituted independently with one or moresubstituents described herein. Examples include, but are not limited to,ethynyl (—C≡CH), propynyl (propargyl, —CH₂C≡CH), and the like.

The term “alkynylene” refers to a linear or branched divalenthydrocarbon radical of two to eight carbon atoms (C₂-C₈) with at leastone site of unsaturation, i.e., a carbon-carbon, sp triple bond, whereinthe alkynylene radical may be optionally substituted independently withone or more substituents described herein. Examples include, but are notlimited to, ethynylene (—C≡C—), propynylene (propargylene, —CH₂C≡C—),and the like.

The terms “carbocycle”, “carbocyclyl”, “carbocyclic ring” and“cycloalkyl” refer to a monovalent non-aromatic, saturated or partiallyunsaturated ring having 3 to 12 carbon atoms (C₃-C₁₂) as a monocyclicring or 7 to 12 carbon atoms as a bicyclic ring. Bicyclic carbocycleshaving 7 to 12 atoms can be arranged, for example, as a bicyclo[4,5],[5,5], [5,6] or [6,6] system, and bicyclic carbocycles having 9 or 10ring atoms can be arranged as a bicyclo[5,6] or [6,6] system, or asbridged systems such as bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane andbicyclo[3.2.2]nonane. Spiro moieties are also included within the scopeof this definition. Examples of monocyclic carbocycles include, but arenot limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,1-cyclopent-1-enyl, 1-cyclopent-2-enyl, 1-cyclopent-3-enyl, cyclohexyl,1-cyclohex-1-enyl, 1-cyclohex-2-enyl, 1-cyclohex-3-enyl,cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl,cycloundecyl, cyclododecyl, and the like. Carbocyclyl groups areoptionally substituted independently with one or more substituentsdescribed herein.

“Aryl” means a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon radical of 6-20 carbonatoms (C₆-C₂₀) derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a singlecarbon atom of a parent aromatic ring system. Some aryl groups arerepresented in the exemplary structures as “Ar”. Aryl includes bicyclicradicals comprising an aromatic ring fused to a saturated, partiallyunsaturated ring, or aromatic carbocyclic ring. Typical aryl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, radicals derived from benzene (phenyl),substituted benzenes, naphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, indenyl,indanyl, 1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, and thelike. Aryl groups are optionally substituted independently with one ormore substituents described herein.

“Arylene” means a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon radical of 6-20 carbonatoms (C₆-C₂₀) derived by the removal of two hydrogen atom from a twocarbon atoms of a parent aromatic ring system. Some arylene groups arerepresented in the exemplary structures as “Ar”. Arylene includesbicyclic radicals comprising an aromatic ring fused to a saturated,partially unsaturated ring, or aromatic carbocyclic ring. Typicalarylene groups include, but are not limited to, radicals derived frombenzene (phenylene), substituted benzenes, naphthalene, anthracene,biphenylene, indenylene, indanylene, 1,2-dihydronaphthalene,1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like. Arylene groups are optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents described herein.

The terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl” and “heterocyclic ring” are usedinterchangeably herein and refer to a saturated or a partiallyunsaturated (i.e., having one or more double and/or triple bonds withinthe ring) carbocyclic radical of 3 to about 20 ring atoms in which atleast one ring atom is a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen,phosphorus and sulfur, the remaining ring atoms being C, where one ormore ring atoms is optionally substituted independently with one or moresubstituents described below. A heterocycle may be a monocycle having 3to 7 ring members (2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms selectedfrom N, O, P, and S) or a bicycle having 7 to 10 ring members (4 to 9carbon atoms and 1 to 6 heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, and S), forexample: a bicyclo[4,5], [5,5], [5,6], or [6,6] system. Heterocycles aredescribed in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern HeterocyclicChemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3,4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series ofMonographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), inparticular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1960)82:5566. “Heterocyclyl” also includes radicals where heterocycleradicals are fused with a saturated, partially unsaturated ring, oraromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring. Examples of heterocyclicrings include, but are not limited to, morpholin-4-yl, piperidin-1-yl,piperazinyl, piperazin-4-yl-2-one, piperazin-4-yl-3-one,pyrrolidin-1-yl, thiomorpholin-4-yl, S-dioxothiomorpholin-4-yl,azocan-1-yl, azetidin-1-yl, octahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrazin-2-yl,[1,4]diazepan-1-yl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl,tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl,tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidino, morpholino, thiomorpholino,thioxanyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl,thietanyl, homopiperidinyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl,thiazepinyl, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl,4H-pyranyl, dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, pyrazolinyl, dithianyl,dithiolanyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrofuranyl,pyrazolidinylimidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, 3-azabicyco[3.1.0]hexanyl,3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl, azabicyclo[2.2.2]hexanyl, 3H-indolylquinolizinyl and N-pyridyl ureas. Spiro moieties are also includedwithin the scope of this definition. Examples of a heterocyclic groupwherein 2 ring atoms are substituted with oxo (═O) moieties arepyrimidinonyl and 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl. The heterocycle groupsherein are optionally substituted independently with one or moresubstituents described herein.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to a monovalent aromatic radical of 5-, 6-,or 7-membered rings, and includes fused ring systems (at least one ofwhich is aromatic) of 5-20 atoms, containing one or more heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Examples ofheteroaryl groups are pyridinyl (including, for example,2-hydroxypyridinyl), imidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrimidinyl(including, for example, 4-hydroxypyrimidinyl), pyrazolyl, triazolyl,pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl,oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl,isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl,benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl,pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl,triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazanyl,benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl,quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, and furopyridinyl. Heteroaryl groups areoptionally substituted independently with one or more substituentsdescribed herein.

The heterocycle or heteroaryl groups may be carbon (carbon-linked), ornitrogen (nitrogen-linked) bonded where such is possible. By way ofexample and not limitation, carbon bonded heterocycles or heteroarylsare bonded at position 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridine, position 3, 4, 5,or 6 of a pyridazine, position 2, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyrimidine, position2, 3, 5, or 6 of a pyrazine, position 2, 3, 4, or 5 of a furan,tetrahydrofuran, thiofuran, thiophene, pyrrole or tetrahydropyrrole,position 2, 4, or 5 of an oxazole, imidazole or thiazole, position 3, 4,or 5 of an isoxazole, pyrazole, or isothiazole, position 2 or 3 of anaziridine, position 2, 3, or 4 of an azetidine, position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, or 8 of a quinoline or position 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of anisoquinoline.

By way of example and not limitation, nitrogen bonded heterocycles orheteroaryls are bonded at position 1 of an aziridine, azetidine,pyrrole, pyrrolidine, 2-pyrroline, 3-pyrroline, imidazole,imidazolidine, 2-imidazoline, 3-imidazoline, pyrazole, pyrazoline,2-pyrazoline, 3-pyrazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indole, indoline,1H-indazole, position 2 of a isoindole, or isoindoline, position 4 of amorpholine, and position 9 of a carbazole, or β-carboline.

A “metabolite” is a product produced through metabolism in the body of aspecified compound or salt thereof. Metabolites of a compound may beidentified using routine techniques known in the art and theiractivities determined using tests such as those described herein. Suchproducts may result for example from the oxidation, reduction,hydrolysis, amidation, deamidation, esterification, deesterification,enzymatic cleavage, and the like, of the administered compound.Accordingly, the invention includes metabolites of compounds of theinvention, including compounds produced by a process comprisingcontacting a Formula I compound of this invention with a mammal for aperiod of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof.

The term “pharmaceutical formulation” refers to a preparation which isin such form as to permit the biological activity of an activeingredient contained therein to be effective, and which contains noadditional components which are unacceptably toxic to a subject to whichthe formulation would be administered.

A “sterile” formulation is aseptic or free from all livingmicroorganisms and their spores.

A “stable” formulation is one in which the protein therein essentiallyretains its physical and chemical stability and integrity upon storage.Various analytical techniques for measuring protein stability areavailable in the art and are reviewed in Peptide and Protein DrugDelivery, 247-301, Vincent Lee Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.,Pubs. (1991) and Jones, A. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 10: 29-90 (1993).Stability can be measured at a selected temperature for a selected timeperiod. For rapid screening, the formulation may be kept at 40° C. for 2weeks to 1 month, at which time stability is measured. Where theformulation is to be stored at 2-8° C., generally the formulation shouldbe stable at 30° C. or 40° C. for at least 1 month and/or stable at 2-8°C. for at least 2 years. Where the formulation is to be stored at 30°C., generally the formulation should be stable for at least 2 years at30° C. and/or stable at 40° C. for at least 6 months. For example, theextent of aggregation during storage can be used as an indicator ofprotein stability. Thus, a “stable” formulation may be one wherein lessthan about 10% and preferably less than about 5% of the protein arepresent as an aggregate in the formulation. In other embodiments, anyincrease in aggregate formation during storage of the formulation can bedetermined.

An “isotonic” formulation is one which has essentially the same osmoticpressure as human blood. Isotonic formulations will generally have anosmotic pressure from about 250 to 350 mOsm. The term “hypotonic”describes a formulation with an osmotic pressure below that of humanblood. Correspondingly, the term “hypertonic” is used to describe aformulation with an osmotic pressure above that of human blood.Isotonicity can be measured using a vapor pressure or ice-freezing typeosmometer, for example. The formulations of the present invention arehypertonic as a result of the addition of salt and/or buffer.

“Carriers” as used herein include pharmaceutically acceptable carriers,excipients, or stabilizers that are nontoxic to the cell or mammal beingexposed thereto at the dosages and concentrations employed. Often thephysiologically acceptable carrier is an aqueous pH buffered solution.Examples of physiologically acceptable carriers include buffers such asphosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants includingascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues)polypeptide; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, orimmunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone;amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine;monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates includingglucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugaralcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such assodium; and/or nonionic surfactants such as TWEEN, polyethylene glycol(PEG), and PLURONICS™.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to an ingredient in apharmaceutical formulation, other than an active ingredient, which isnontoxic to a subject. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes,but is not limited to, a buffer, excipient, stabilizer, or preservative.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable acid” includes inorganic and organicacids which are non toxic at the concentration and manner in which theyare formulated. For example, suitable inorganic acids includehydrochloric, perchloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, nitric, sulfuric,sulfonic, sulfinic, sulfanilic, phosphoric, carbonic, etc. Suitableorganic acids include straight and branched-chain alkyl, aromatic,cyclic, cycloaliphatic, arylaliphatic, heterocyclic, saturated,unsaturated, mono, di- and tri-carboxylic, including for example,formic, acetic, 2-hydroxyacetic, trifluoroacetic, phenylacetic,trimethylacetic, t-butyl acetic, anthranilic, propanoic,2-hydroxypropanoic, 2-oxopropanoic, propandioic, cyclopentanepropionic,cyclopentane propionic, 3-phenylpropionic, butanoic, butandioic,benzoic, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic, 2-acetoxy-benzoic, ascorbic,cinnamic, lauryl sulfuric, stearic, muconic, mandelic, succinic,embonic, fumaric, malic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, malonic, lactic, citric,tartaric, glycolic, glyconic, gluconic, pyruvic, glyoxalic, oxalic,mesylic, succinic, salicylic, phthalic, palmoic, palmeic, thiocyanic,methanesulphonic, ethanesulphonic, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic,2-hydroxyethanesulfonic, benzenesulphonic, 4-chorobenzenesulfonic,napthalene-2-sulphonic, p-toluenesulphonic, camphorsulphonic,4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic, glucoheptonic,4,4′-methylenebis-3-(hydroxy-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid), hydroxynapthoic.

“Pharmaceutically-acceptable bases” include inorganic and organic baseswhich are non-toxic at the concentration and manner in which they areformulated. For example, suitable bases include those formed frominorganic base forming metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium,magnesium, calcium, ammonium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum,N-methylglucamine, morpholine, piperidine and organic nontoxic basesincluding, primary, secondary and tertiary amines, substituted amines,cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, [e.g., N(R′)₄ ⁺ (where R′is independently H or C₁₋₄ alkyl, e.g., ammonium, Tris)], for example,isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine,tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, trimethamine,dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine,hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine,methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine,N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like. Particularly preferredorganic non-toxic bases are isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine,trimethamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline, and caffeine.

Additional pharmaceutically acceptable acids and bases useable with thepresent invention include those which are derived from the amino acids,for example, histidine, glycine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, glutamicacid, lysine and asparagine.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable” buffers and salts include those derivedfrom both acid and base addition salts of the above indicated acids andbases. Specific buffers and/or salts include histidine, succinate andacetate.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable sugar” is a molecule which, when combinedwith a protein of interest, significantly prevents or reduces chemicaland/or physical instability of the protein upon storage. When theformulation is intended to be lyophilized and then reconstituted,“pharmaceutically acceptable sugars” may also be known as a“lyoprotectant”. Exemplary sugars and their corresponding sugar alcoholsinclude: an amino acid such as monosodium glutamate or histidine; amethylamine such as betaine; a lyotropic salt such as magnesium sulfate;a polyol such as trihydric or higher molecular weight sugar alcohols,e.g. glycerin, dextran, erythritol, glycerol, arabitol, xylitol,sorbitol, and mannitol; propylene glycol; polyethylene glycol;PLURONICS®, and combinations thereof. Additional exemplarylyoprotectants include glycerin and gelatin, and the sugars mellibiose,melezitose, raffinose, mannotriose and stachyose. Examples of reducingsugars include glucose, maltose, lactose, maltulose, iso-maltulose andlactulose. Examples of non-reducing sugars include non-reducingglycosides of polyhydroxy compounds selected from sugar alcohols andother straight chain polyalcohols. Preferred sugar alcohols aremonoglycosides, especially those compounds obtained by reduction ofdisaccharides such as lactose, maltose, lactulose and maltulose. Theglycosidic side group can be either glucosidic or galactosidic.Additional examples of sugar alcohols are glucitol, maltitol, lactitoland iso-maltulose. The preferred pharmaceutically-acceptable sugars arethe non-reducing sugars trehalose or sucrose. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable sugars are added to the formulation in a “protecting amount”(e.g. pre-lyophilization) which means that the protein essentiallyretains its physical and chemical stability and integrity during storage(e.g., after reconstitution and storage).

The “diluent” of interest herein is one which is pharmaceuticallyacceptable (safe and non-toxic for administration to a human) and isuseful for the preparation of a liquid formulation, such as aformulation reconstituted after lyophilization. Exemplary diluentsinclude sterile water, bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI), a pHbuffered solution (e.g. phosphate-buffered saline), sterile salinesolution, Ringer's solution or dextrose solution. In an alternativeembodiment, diluents can include aqueous solutions of salts and/orbuffers.

A “preservative” is a compound which can be added to the formulationsherein to reduce bacterial activity. The addition of a preservative may,for example, facilitate the production of a multi-use (multiple-dose)formulation. Examples of potential preservatives includeoctadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, hexamethonium chloride,benzalkonium chloride (a mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammoniumchlorides in which the alkyl groups are long-chain compounds), andbenzethonium chloride. Other types of preservatives include aromaticalcohols such as phenol, butyl and benzyl alcohol, alkyl parabens suchas methyl or propyl paraben, catechol, resorcinol, cyclohexanol,3-pentanol, and m-cresol. The most preferred preservative herein isbenzyl alcohol.

An “individual” or “subject” or “patient” is a mammal. Mammals include,but are not limited to, domesticated animals (e.g., cows, sheep, cats,dogs, and horses), primates (e.g., humans and non-human primates such asmonkeys), rabbits, and rodents (e.g., mice and rats). In certainembodiments, the individual or subject is a human.

As used herein, “treatment” (and grammatical variations thereof such as“treat” or “treating”) refers to clinical intervention designed to alterthe natural course of the individual, tissue or cell being treatedduring the course of clinical pathology. Desirable effects of treatmentinclude, but are not limited to, decreasing the rate of diseaseprogression, ameliorating or palliating the disease state, and remissionor improved prognosis, all measurable by one of skill in the art such asa physician. In one embodiment, treatment can mean preventing occurrenceor recurrence of disease, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of anydirect or indirect pathological consequences of the disease, preventinginfection, decreasing the rate of infectious disease progression,amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission orimproved prognosis. In some embodiments, antibodies of the invention areused to delay development of a disease or to slow the progression of aninfectious disease.

As used herein, “in conjunction with” refers to administration of onetreatment modality in addition to another treatment modality. As such,“in conjunction with” refers to administration of one treatment modalitybefore, during or after administration of the other treatment modalityto the individual.

The term “phagosome” refers to an internalized membrane-enclosedendocytic vessel of a phagocytic cell. It can be initiated by direct-,antibody- or complement-enhanced phagocytosis. The term “phagolysosome”refers to an internalized cellular vessel that has fused with one ormore lysosomes.

Bacteria are traditionally divided into two main groups, Gram-positive(Gm+) and Gram-negative (Gm−), based upon their Gram-stain retention.Gram-positive bacteria are bounded by a single unit lipid membrane, andthey generally contain a thick layer (20-80 nm) of peptidoglycanresponsible for retaining the Gram-stain. Gram-positive bacteria arethose that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining. Incontrast, Gram-negative bacteria cannot retain the crystal violet stain,instead taking up the counterstain (safranin or fuchsine) and appearingred or pink. Gram-positive cell walls typically lack the outer membranefound in Gram-negative bacteria.

The term “bacteremia” refers to the presence of bacteria in thebloodstream which is most commonly detected through a blood culture.Bacteria can enter the bloodstream as a severe complication ofinfections (like pneumonia or meningitis), during surgery (especiallywhen involving mucous membranes such as the gastrointestinal tract), ordue to catheters and other foreign bodies entering the arteries orveins. Bacteremia can have several consequences. The immune response tothe bacteria can cause sepsis and septic shock, which has a relativelyhigh mortality rate. Bacteria can also use the blood to spread to otherparts of the body, causing infections away from the original site ofinfection. Examples include endocarditis or osteomyelitis.

A “therapeutically effective amount” is the minimum concentrationrequired to effect a measurable improvement of a particular disorder. Atherapeutically effective amount herein may vary according to factorssuch as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the patient, and theability of the antibody to elicit a desired response in the individual.A therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic ordetrimental effects of the antibody are outweighed by thetherapeutically beneficial effects. In one embodiment, a therapeuticallyeffective amount is an amount effective to reduce bacteremia in an invivo infection. In one aspect, a “therapeutically effective amount” isat least the amount effective to reduce the bacterial load or colonyforming units (CFU) isolated from a patient sample such as blood by atleast one log relative to prior to drug administration. In a morespecific aspect, the reduction is at least 2 logs. In another aspect,the reduction is 3, 4, 5 logs. In yet another aspect, the reduction isto below detectable levels. In another embodiment, a therapeuticallyeffective amount is the amount of an AAC in one or more doses given overthe course of the treatment period, that achieves a negative bloodculture (i.e., does not grow out the bacteria that is the target of theAAC) as compared to the positive blood culture before or at the start oftreatment of the infected patient.

A “prophylactically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, atthe dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desiredprophylactic result. Typically but not necessarily, since a prophylacticdose is used in subjects prior to, at the earlier stage of disease, oreven prior to exposure to conditions where the risk of infection iselevated, the prophylactically effective amount can be less than thetherapeutically effective amount. In one embodiment, a prophylacticallyeffective amount is at least an amount effective to reduce, prevent theoccurrence of or spread of infection from one cell to another.

“Chronic” administration refers to administration of the medicament(s)in a continuous as opposed to acute mode, so as to maintain the initialtherapeutic effect (activity) for an extended period of time.“Intermittent” administration is treatment that is not consecutivelydone without interruption, but rather is cyclic in nature.

The term “package insert” is used to refer to instructions customarilyincluded in commercial packages of therapeutic products, that containinformation about the indications, usage, dosage, administration,combination therapy, contraindications and/or warnings concerning theuse of such therapeutic products.

The term “chiral” refers to molecules which have the property ofnon-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term“achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirrorimage partner.

The term “stereoisomers” refers to compounds which have identicalchemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of theatoms or groups in space.

“Diastereomer” refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers ofchirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another.Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g. melting points,boiling points, spectral properties, and reactivities. Mixtures ofdiastereomers may separate under high resolution analytical proceduressuch as electrophoresis and chromatography.

“Enantiomers” refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which arenon-superimposable mirror images of one another.

Stereochemical definitions and conventions used herein generally followS. P. Parker, Ed., McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (1984)McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York; and Eliel, E. and Wilen, S.,Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds (1994) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NewYork. Many organic compounds exist in optically active forms, i.e., theyhave the ability to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light. Indescribing an optically active compound, the prefixes D and L, or R andS, are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule aboutits chiral center(s). The prefixes d and 1 or (+) and (−) are employedto designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by thecompound, with (−) or 1 meaning that the compound is levorotatory. Acompound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory. For a given chemicalstructure, these stereoisomers are identical except that they are mirrorimages of one another. A specific stereoisomer may also be referred toas an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called anenantiomeric mixture. A 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as aracemic mixture or a racemate, which may occur where there has been nostereoselection or stereospecificity in a chemical reaction or process.The terms “racemic mixture” and “racemate” refer to an equimolar mixtureof two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.

The term “protecting group” refers to a substituent that is commonlyemployed to block or protect a particular functionality while reactingother functional groups on the compound. For example, an“amino-protecting group” is a substituent attached to an amino groupthat blocks or protects the amino functionality in the compound.Suitable amino-protecting groups include, but are not limited to,acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ)and 9-fluorenylmethylenoxycarbonyl (Fmoc). For a general description ofprotecting groups and their use, see T. W. Greene, Protective Groups inOrganic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991, or a lateredition.

The term “about” as used herein refers to the usual error range for therespective value readily known to the skilled person in this technicalfield. Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (addescribes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter perse.

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,”and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. For example, reference to an “antibody” is a reference tofrom one to many antibodies, such as molar amounts, and includesequivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

III. Compositions and Methods Antibody-Antibiotic Conjugates (AAC)

The AAC compounds of the invention include those with antibacterialactivity, effective against a number of human and veterinary Grampositive, Gram negative pathogens, including the Staphylococci. In anexemplary embodiment, the AAC compounds include a cysteine-engineeredantibody conjugated, i.e. covalently attached by a linker, to anantibiotic moiety selected from clindamycin, novobiocin, retapamulin,daptomycin, GSK-2140944, CG-400549, sitafloxacin, teicoplanin,triclosan, napthyridone, radezolid, doxorubicin, ampicillin, vancomycin,imipenem, doripenem, gemcitabine, dalbavancin, and azithromycin. Thebiological activity of the antibiotic moiety is modulated by conjugationto an antibody. The antibody-antibiotic conjugates (AAC) of theinvention selectively deliver an effective dose of an antibacterial toan infection site whereby greater selectivity, i.e. a lower efficaciousdose, may be achieved while increasing the therapeutic index(“therapeutic window”).

The invention provides novel antibacterial therapy that aims to preventantibiotic escape by targeting populations of bacteria that evadeconventional antibiotic therapy. The novel antibacterial therapy isachieved with an Antibody Antibiotic Conjugate (AAC) in which anantibody specific for cell wall components found on S. aureus (includingMRSA) is chemically linked to a potent antibiotic. The antibiotic isjoined to the antibody via a protease cleavable, peptide linker that isdesigned to be cleaved by cathepsin B, a lysosomal protease found inmost mammalian cell types (Dubowchik et al (2002) Bioconj. Chem.13:855-869). The AAC acts as a pro-drug in that the antibiotic isinactive (due to the large size of the antibody) until the linker iscleaved. Since a significant proportion of S. aureus found in a naturalinfection is taken up by host cells, primarily neutrophils andmacrophages, at some point during the course of infection in the host,and that the time spent inside host cells provides a significantopportunity for the bacterium to evade antibiotic activity. The AACs ofthe invention are designed to bind to S. aureus and release theantibiotic inside the phagolysosome after bacteria are taken up by hostcells. By this mechanism, AAC are able to concentrate the activeantibiotic specifically in a location where S. aureus is poorly treatedby conventional antibiotics. While the invention is not limited ordefined by an particular mechanism of action, the AAC improve antibioticactivity via three potential mechanisms: (1) The AAC delivers antibioticinside mammalian cells that take up the bacteria, thereby increasing thepotency of antibiotics that diffuse poorly into the phagolysosomes wherebacteria are sequestered. (2) AAC opsonize bacteria—thereby increasinguptake of free bacteria by phagocytic cells—and release the antibioticlocally to kill the bacteria while they are sequestered in thephagolysosome. (3) AAC improve the half-life of antibiotics in vivo(improved pharmacokinetics) by linking the antibiotic to an antibody.Improved pharmacokinetics of AAC enable delivery of sufficientantibiotic in regions where S. aureus is concentrated while limiting theoverall dose of antibiotic that needs to be administered systemically.This property should permit long-term therapy with AAC to targetpersistent infection with minimal antibiotic side effects.

The present application describes the generation of novel conjugatedanti-WTA antibody therapeutic agents and their use in the treatment ofinfections with Gram positive (Gm+) bacteria including S. aureusinfections. These antibodies are capable of targeting populations of Gm+bacteria that evade convention antibiotic therapy.

An antibody-antibiotic conjugate compound of the invention comprises ananti-wall teichoic acid beta (WTA beta) antibody covalently attached bya peptide linker to an antibiotic selected from clindamycin, novobiocin,retapamulin, daptomycin, GSK-2140944, CG-400549, sitafloxacin,teicoplanin, triclosan, napthyridone, radezolid, doxorubicin,ampicillin, vancomycin, imipenem, doripenem, gemcitabine, dalbavancin,and azithromycin.

In one embodiment, the antibody-antibiotic conjugate has the formula:

Ab-(L-abx)_(p)

wherein:

Ab is the anti-wall teichoic acid antibody;

L is the peptide linker having the formula:

-Str-Pep-Y-

where Str is a stretcher unit; Pep is a peptide of two to twelve aminoacid residues, and Y is a spacer unit;

abx is the antibiotic; and

p is an integer from 1 to 8.

The number of antibiotic moieties which may be conjugated via a reactivelinker moiety to an antibody molecule may be limited by the number offree cysteine residues, which are introduced by the methods describedherein. Exemplary AAC of Formula I therefore comprise antibodies whichhave 1, 2, 3, or 4 engineered cysteine amino acids (Lyon, R. et al(2012) Methods in Enzym. 502:123-138).

Anti-Wall Teichoic (WTA) Antibodies

Disclosed herein are certain anti-WTA Abs and conjugated anti-WTAantibodies that bind to WTA expressed on a number of Gm+ bacteriaincluding Staphylococcus aureus. Anti-WTA antibodies may be selected andproduced by the methods taught in U.S. Pat. No. 8,283,294; Meijer P J etal (2006) J Mol Biol. 358(3):764-72; Lantto J, et al (2011) J Virol.85(4):1820-33, and in Example 21 below. The invention providescompositions of these anti-WTA Abs.

The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is comprised of thick layer ofmultiple peptidoglycan (PGN) sheaths that not only stabilize the cellmembrane but also provide many sites to which other molecules could beattached (FIG. 3). A major class of these cell surface glycoproteins areteichoic acids (“TA”), which are phosphate-rich molecules found on manyglycan-binding proteins (GPB). TA come in two types: (1) lipo teichoicacid (“LTA”), which are anchored to the plasma membrane and extend fromthe cell surface into the peptidoglycan layer; and (2) wall TA (WTA),which are covalently attached to peptidoglycan and extend through andbeyond the cell wall (FIG. 3). WTA can account for as much as 60% of thetotal cell wall mass in GPB. As a result, it presents a highly expressedcell surface antigen.

The chemical structures of WTAs vary among organisms. In S. aureus, WTAis covalently linked to the 6-OH of N-acetyl muramic acid (MurNAc) via adisaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-1-P andN-acetylmannoseamine (ManNAc), which is followed by about two or threeunits of glycerol-phosphates (FIG. 4). The actual WTA polymer is thencomposed of about 11-40 ribitol-phosphate (Rbo-P) repeating units. Thestep-wise synthesis of WTA is first initiated by the enzyme called TagO,and S. aureus strains lacking the TagO gene (by deletion of the gene) donot make any WTA. The repeating units can be further tailored withD-alanine (D-Ala) at C2-OH and/or with N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) atthe C4-OH position via α- (alpha) or β- (beta) glycosidic linkages.Depending of the S. aureus strain, or the growth phase of the bacteriathe glycosidic linkages could be α-, β or a mixture of the two anomers.These GlcNAc sugar modifications are tailored by two specific S.aureus-derived glycosyltransferases (Gtfs): TarM Gtf mediatesα-glycosidic linkages, whereas TarS Gtfs mediates β- (beta)glycosidiclinkages.

Given significant evidence that intracellular stores of MRSA areprotected from antibiotics, the novel therapeutic compositions of theinvention were developed to prevent this method of antibiotic evasion byusing a S. aureus specific antibody to tether an antibiotic onto thebacteria such that when the bacteria is engulfed or otherwiseinternalized by a host cell in vivo, it brings the antibiotic along intothe host cell.

In one aspect, the invention provides anti-WTA antibodies which areanti-WTAα or anti-WTAβ. In another aspect, the invention providesanti-Staph aureus Abs. The exemplary Abs were cloned from B cells fromS. aureus infected patients (as taught in Example 21). In one embodimentthe anti-WTA and anti-Staph aureus Abs are human monoclonal antibodies.The invention encompasses chimeric Abs and humanized Abs comprising theCDRs of the present WTA Abs.

For therapeutic use, the WTA Abs of the invention for conjugation toantibiotics to generate AACs, can be of any isotype except IgM. In oneembodiment, the WTA Abs are of the human IgG isotype. In more specificembodiments, the WTA Abs are human IgG1.

FIGS. 6A and 6B list the Abs that are anti-WTAα or anti-WTA β.Throughout the specification and figures, the Abs designated by a4-digit number (e.g., 4497) may also be referred to with a preceding“S”, e.g. S4497; both names refer to the same antibody which is the wildtype (WT) unmodified sequence of the antibody. Variants of the antibodyare indicated by a “v” following the antibody no., e.g. 4497. v8. Unlessspecified (e.g. as by a variant number), the amino acid sequences shownare the original, unmodified/unaltered sequences. These Abs can bealtered at one or more residues, for example to improve the pK,stability, expression, manufacturability (eg, as described in theExamples below), while maintaining substantially about the same orimproved binding affinity to the antigen as compared to the wild type,unmodified antibody. Variants of the present WTA antibodies havingconservative amino acid substitutions are encompassed by the invention.Below, unless specified otherwise, the CDR numbering is according toKabat and the Constant domain numbering is according to EU numbering.

FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B provide the amino acid sequence alignment of theLight chain Variable regions (VL) and the Heavy chain Variable region(VH), respectively of four human anti-WTA alpha antibodies. The CDRsequences CDR L1, L2, L3 and CDR H1, H2, H3 according to Kabat numberingare underlined.

Table 6A and 6B: CDR sequences of the anti-WTAα.

Antibody CDR L1 CDR L2 CDR L3 4461 KSSQSVLSRANNNYYVA WASTREF QQYYTSRRT(SEQ ID NO. 1) (SEQ ID NO. 2) (SEQ ID NO. 3) 4624 RSNQNLLSSSNNNYLAWASTRES QQYYANPRT (SEQ ID NO. 7) (SEQ ID NO. 8) (SEQ ID NO. 9) 4399KSNQNVLASSNDKNYLA WASIRES QQYYTNPRT (SEQ ID NO. 13) (SEQ ID NO. 14)(SEQ ID NO. 15) 6267 KSSQNVLYSSNNKNYLA WASTRES QQYYTSPPYT(SEQ ID NO. 19) (SEQ ID NO. 20) (SEQ ID NO. 21)

Antibody CDR H1 CDR H2 CDR H3 4461 DYYMH WINPKSGGTNYAQRFQG DCGSGGLRDF(SEQ ID NO. 4) (SEQ ID NO. 5) (SEQ ID NO. 6) 4624 DYYIHWINPNTGGTYYAQKFRD DCGRGGLRDI (SEQ ID NO. 10) (SEQ ID NO. 11)(SEQ ID NO. 12) 4399 DYYIH WINPNTGGTNYAQKFQG DCGNAGLRDI (SEQ ID NO. 16)(SEQ ID NO. 17) (SEQ ID NO. 18) 6267 SYWIG IIHPGDSKTRYSPSFQGLYCSGGSCYSDR (SEQ ID NO. 22) (SEQ ID NO. 23) AFSSLGAGGYYY YGMGV(SEQ ID NO. 24)

The Sequences of the Each Pair of VL and VH are as Follows:

4461 Light Chain Variable Region (SEQ ID NO. 25)DIQMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSSQSVLSRANNNYYVAWYQHKPGQPPKLLIYWASTREFGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTINSLQAEDVAVYYCQQYYTS RRTFGQGTKVEIK4461 Heavy Chain Variable Region (SEQ ID NO. 26)QVQLVQSGAEVRKPGASVKVSCKASGYSFTDYYMHWVRQAPGQGLEWMGWINPKSGGTNYAQRFQGRVTMTGDTSISAAYMDLASLTSDDTAVYYCVKDC GSGGLRDFWGQGTTVTVSS4624 Light Chain Variable Region (SEQ ID NO. 27)DIQMTQSPDSLSVSLGERATINCRSNQNLLSSSNNNYLAWYQQKPGQPLKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVYYCQQYYANP RTFGQGTKVEIK4624 Heavy Chain Variable Region (SEQ ID NO. 28)QVQLQQSRVEVKRPGTSVKVSCKTSGYTFSDYYIHWVRLAPGQGLELMGWINPNTGGTYYAQKFRDRVTMTRDTSIATAYLEMSSLTSDDTAVYYCAKDC GRGGLRDIWGPGTMVTVSS4399 Light Chain Variable Region (SEQ ID NO. 29)EIVLTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSNQNVLASSNDKNYLAWFQHKPGQPLKLLIYWASIRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLRAEDVAVYYCQQYYTN PRTFGQGTKVEFN4399 Heavy Chain Variable Region (SEQ ID NO. 30)EVQLVQSGAEVKKPGTSVKVSCKASGYTFTDYYIHWVRLAPGQGLELMGWINPNTGGTNYAQKFQGRVTMTRDTSIATAYMELSSLTSDDTAVYYCAKDC GNAGLRDIWGQGTTVTVSS6267 Light Chain Variable Region (SEQ ID NO. 31)DIQLTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSSQNVLYSSNNKNYLAWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVYYCQQYYTS PPYTFGQGTKLEIE6267 Heavy Chain Variable Region (SEQ ID NO. 32)EVQLVQSGAEVKKPGESLKISCKGSGYSFTSYWIGWVRQMPGKGLEWMGIIHPGDSKTRYSPSFQGQVTISADKSISTAYLQWNSLKASDTAMYYCARLYCSGGSCYSDRAFSSLGAGGYYYYGMGVWGQGTTVTVSS.

The invention provides an isolated monoclonal antibody that binds wallteichoic acid (WTA) comprising a light chain and a H chain, the L chaincomprising CDR L1, L2, L3 and the H chain comprising CDR H1, H2, H3wherein the CDR L1, L2, L3 and H1, H2, H3 comprise the amino acidsequences of the CDRs of each of Abs 4461 (SEQ ID NO. 1-6), 4624 (SEQ IDNO. 7-12), 4399 (SEQ ID NO. 13-18), and 6267 (SEQ ID NO. 19-24)respectively, as shown in Table 6A and 6B.

In another embodiment, the isolated monoclonal Ab that binds WTAcomprises a H chain variable region (VH) and a L chain variable region(VL), wherein the VH comprises at least 95% sequence identity over thelength of the VH region sequence of the each of antibodies 4461, 4624,4399, and 6267, respectively. In yet another specific aspect, thesequence identity is 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%.

The present invention also provides anti-WTA beta Abs comprising the Land H chain CDR sequences as shown in FIG. 14. In one embodiment, theisolated anti-WTA beta monoclonal Abs comprise the CDR L1, L2, L3 andH1, H2, H3 selected from the group consisting of the CDRs of each of the13 Abs in FIG. 14. In another embodiment, the invention provides anisolated anti-WTA beta Abs comprising at least 95% sequence identityover the length of the V region domains of each of 13 antibodies. In yetanother specific aspect, the sequence identity is 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or100%.

Of the 13 anti-WTA beta Abs, 6078 and 4497 were modified to createvariants i) having an engineered Cys in one or both L and H chains forconjugation to linker-antibiotic intermediates and ii) wherein the firstresidue in the H chain Q is altered to E (v2) or the first two residuesQM were changed to EI or EV (v3 and v4).

FIGS. 15A-1 and 15A-2 provide the amino acid sequence of the full lengthL chain of anti-WTA beta Ab 6078 (unmodified) and its variants, v2, v3,v4. L chain variants that contain an engineered Cys are indicated by theC in the black box the end of the constant region (at EU residue no. 205in this case). The variant designation, e.g., v2LC-Cys means variant 2containing a Cys engineered into the L chain. HCLC-Cys means both the Hand L chains of the antibody contain an engineered Cys. FIGS. 15B-1 to15B-4 show an alignment of the full length H chain of anti-WTA beta Ab6078 (unmodified) and its variants, v2, v3, v4 which have changes in thefirst or first 2 residues of the H chain. H chain variants that containan engineered Cys are indicated by the C in the black box the end of theconstant region (at EU residue no. 118).

6078 Light Chain Variable Region (VL) (SEQ ID NO. 111)DIVMTQSPSILSASVGDRVTITCRASQTISGWLAWYQQKPAEAPKLLIYKASTLESGVPSRFSGSGSGTEFTLTISSLQPDDFGIYYCQQYKSYSFNFGQ GTKVEIK6078 Heavy Chain Variable Region (VH) (SEQ ID NO. 112)XX₁QLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCEASGYTLTSYDINWVRQATGQGPEWMGWMNANSGNTGYAQKFQGRVTLTGDTSISTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSSILVRGALGRYFDLWGRGTLVTVSS wherein X is Q or E; and X₁ is M, I or V.6078 Light Chain (SEQ ID NO. 113)DIVMTQSPSILSASVGDRVTITCRASQTISGWLAWYQQKPAEAPKLLIYKASTLESGVPSRFSGSGSGTEFTLTISSLQPDDFGIYYCQQYKSYSFNFGQGTKVEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQG LSSPVTKSFNRGEC6078 Cysteine-engineered Light Chain (SEQ ID NO. 115)DIVMTQSPSILSASVGDRVTITCRASQTISGWLAWYQQKPAEAPKLLIYKASTLESGVPSRFSGSGSGTEFTLTISSLQPDDFGIYYCQQYKSYSFNFGQGTKVEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQG LSSPCTKSFNRGEC6078 WT full length Heavy Chain (SEQ ID NO. 114)QMQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCEASGYTLTSYDINWVRQATGQGPEWMGWMNANSGNTGYAQKFQGRVTLTGDTSISTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSSILVRGALGRYFDLWGRGTLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSL SPG6078 variant (v2, v3, or v4) full length Heavy Chain (SEQ ID NO. 116)EXQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCEASGYTLTSYDINWVRQATGQGPEWMGWMNANSGNTGYAQKFQGRVTLTGDTSISTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSSILVRGALGRYFDLWGRGTLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPG wherein X can be M, I or V.6078 variant (v2, v3 or v4), Cys-engineered Heavy Chain (SEQ ID NO. 117)EXQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCEASGYTLTSYDINWVRQATGQGPEWMGWMNANSGNTGYAQKFQGRVTLTGDTSISTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSSILVRGALGRYFDLWGRGTLVTVSSCSTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLEPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPG wherein X is M, I or V.

In one embodiment, the invention provides an isolated anti-WTA betaantibody comprising a heavy chain and a light, wherein the heavy chaincomprises a VH having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 112.In an additional embodiment, this antibody further comprises a VL havingat least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 111. In a specificembodiment, the anti-WTA beta antibody comprises a light chain and aheavy chain, wherein the L chain comprises a VL of SEQ ID NO. 111 andthe H chain comprises a VH of SEQ ID NO. 112. In a yet more specificembodiment, the isolated anti-WTA beta antibody comprises a L chain ofSEQ ID NO. 113 and a H chain of SEQ ID NO. 114.

The 6078 Cys-engineered H and L chain variants can be paired in any ofthe following combinations to form full Abs for conjugating tolinker-Abx intermediates to generate anti-WTA AACs of the invention. Theunmodified L chain (SEQ ID NO.113) can be paired with a Cys-engineered Hchain variant of SEQ ID NO. 117; the variant can be one wherein X is M,I or V. The Cys-engineered L chain of SEQ ID NO. 115 can be paired with:the H chain of SEQ ID NO.114; a H chain variant of SEQ ID NO.116; or aCys-engineered H chain variant of SEQ ID NO.117 (in this version, both Hand L chains are Cys engineered). In a particular embodiment, theanti-WTA beta antibody and the anti-WTA beta AAC of the inventioncomprises a L chain of SEQ ID NO. 115 and H chain of SEQ ID NO.116.

FIGS. 16A-1 and 16A-2 provide the full length L chain of anti-WTA betaAb 4497 (unmodified) and its v8 variants. L chain variants that containan engineered Cys are indicated by the C in the black box the end of theconstant region (at EU residue no. 205). FIGS. 16B-1, 16B-2, 16B-3 showan alignment of the full length H chain of anti-WTA beta Ab 4497(unmodified) and its v8 variant with D altered to E in CDR H3 position96, with or without the engineered Cys. H chain variants that contain anengineered Cys are indicated by the C in the black box the end of theconstant region (at EU residue no. 118 in this case). Unmodified CDR H3is GDGGLDD (SEQ ID NO.104); 4497v8 CDR H3 is GDGGLDD (SEQ ID NO.118).

4497 Light Chain Variable Region (SEQ ID NO. 119)DIQLTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSSQSIFRTSRNKNLLNWYQQRPGQPPRLLIHWASTRKSGVPDRFSGSGFGTDFTLTITSLQAEDVAIYYCQQYFSP PYTFGQGTKLEIK4497 Heavy Chain Variable Region (SEQ ID NO. 120)EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCSASGFSFNSFWMHWVRQVPGKGLVWISFTNNEGTTTAYADSVRGRFIISRDNAKNTLYLEMNNLRGEDTAVYYCARGD GGLDDWGQGTLVTVSS4497.v8 Heavy Chain Variable Region (SEQ ID NO. 156)EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCSASGFSFNSFWMHWVRQVPGKGLVWISFTNNEGTTTAYADSVRGRFIISRDNAKNTLYLEMNNLRGEDTAVYYCARGE GGLDDWGQGTLVTVSS4497 Light Chain (SEQ ID NO. 121)DIQLTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSSQSIFRTSRNKNLLNWYQQRPGQPPRLLIHWASTRKSGVPDRFSGSGFGTDFTLTITSLQAEDVAIYYCQQYFSPPYTFGQGTKLEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYAC EVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC4497 v.8 Heavy Chain (SEQ ID NO. 122)EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCSASGFSFNSFWMHWVRQVPGKGLVWISFTNNEGTTTAYADSVRGRFIISRDNAKNTLYLEMNNLRGEDTAVYYCARGEGGLDDWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPG 4497 -Cys Light Chain(SEQ ID NO. 123) DIQLTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSSQSIFRTSRNKNLLNWYQQRPGQPPRLLIHWASTRKSGVPDRFSGSGFGTDFTLTITSLQAEDVAIYYCQQYFSPPYTFGQGTKLEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYAC EVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC4497.v8- Heavy Chain (SEQ ID NO. 157)EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCSASGFSFNSFWMHWVRQVPGKGLVWISFTNNEGTTTAYADSVRGRFIISRDNAKNTLYLEMNNLRGEDTAVYYCARGEGGLDDWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPG 4497.v8 -Cys Heavy Chain(SEQ ID NO. 124) EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCSASGFSFNSFWMHWVRQVPGKGLVWISFTNNEGTTTAYADSVRGRFIISRDNAKNTLYLEMNNLRGEDTAVYYCARGEGGLDDWGQGTLVTVSSCSTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPG

Another isolated anti-WTA beta antibody provided by the inventioncomprises a heavy chain and a light, wherein the heavy chain comprises aVH having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 120. In anadditional embodiment, this antibody further comprises a VL having atleast 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 119. In a specific embodiment,the anti-WTA beta antibody comprises a light chain and a heavy chain,wherein the L chain comprises a VL of SEQ ID NO. 119 and the H chaincomprises a VH of SEQ ID NO. 120. In a yet more specific embodiment, theisolated anti-WTA beta antibody comprises a L chain of SEQ ID NO. 121and a H chain of SEQ ID NO. 122.

The 4497 Cys-engineered H and L chain variants can be paired in any ofthe following combinations to form full Abs for conjugating tolinker-Abx intermediates to generate anti-WTA AACs of the invention. Theunmodified L chain (SEQ ID NO.121) can be paired with a Cys-engineered Hchain variant of SEQ ID NO. 124. The Cys-engineered L chain of SEQ IDNO. 123 can be paired with: the H chain variant of SEQ ID NO.157; or aCys-engineered H chain variant of SEQ ID NO. 124 (in this version, bothH and L chains are Cys engineered). In a particular embodiment, theanti-WTA beta antibody and the anti-WTA beta AAC of the inventioncomprises a L chain of SEQ ID NO. 123.

Yet another embodiment is an antibody that binds to the same epitope aseach of the anti-WTA alpha Abs of FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B. Also providedis an antibody that binds to the same epitope as each of the anti-WTAbeta Abs of FIG. 14, FIGS. 15A and 15B, and FIGS. 16A and 16B. Suchcompositions may further comprise suitable excipients, such aspharmaceutically acceptable excipients (carriers) including buffers,acids, bases, sugars, diluents, preservatives and the like, which arewell known in the art and are described herein. The present methods andcompositions may be used alone or in combinations with other conventionsmethods and/or agents for treating infectious diseases.

Binding of anti-WTA antibodies to WTA is influenced by the anomericorientation of GlcNAc-sugar modifications on WTA. WTA are modified byN-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) sugar modifications at the C4-OH positionvia α- or β-glycosidic linkages, by TarM glycosyltransferase or TarSglycosyltransferase, respectively. Accordingly, cell wall preparationsfrom glycosyltransferase mutant strains lacking TarM(ΔTarM), TarS(ΔTarS), or both TarM and TarS (ΔTarM/ΔTarS) were subjected toimmunoblotting analysis with antibodies against WTA. WTA antibody(S7574) specific to α-GlcNAc modifications on WTA does not bind to cellwall preparation from ΔTarM strain. Vice versa, a WTA antibody (S4462)specific to β-GlcNAc modifications on WTA does not bind to cell wallpreparation from ΔTarS strain. As expected, both these antibodies do notbind to cell wall preparations from a deletion strain lacking bothglycosyltransferases (ΔTarM/ΔTarS) and also the strain lacking any WTA(ΔTagO). According to such analysis, antibodies have been characterizedas anti-α-GlcNAc WTA mAbs, or as anti-β-GlcNAc WTA mAbs as listed in theTable in FIGS. 6A and 6B.

Cysteine amino acids may be engineered at reactive sites in an antibodyand which do not form intrachain or intermolecular disulfide linkages(Junutula, et al., 2008b Nature Biotech., 26(8):925-932; Dornan et al(2009) Blood 114(13):2721-2729; U.S. Pat. No. 7,521,541; U.S. Pat. No.7,723,485; WO2009/052249, Shen et al (2012) Nature Biotech.,30(2):184-191; Junutula et al (2008) Jour of Immun. Methods 332:41-52).The engineered cysteine thiols may react with linker reagents or thelinker-antibiotic intermediates of the present invention which havethiol-reactive, electrophilic groups such as maleimide or alpha-haloamides to form AAC with cysteine engineered antibodies (ThioMabs) andthe antibiotic (abx) moieties. The location of the antibiotic moiety canthus be designed, controlled, and known. The antibiotic loading can becontrolled since the engineered cysteine thiol groups typically reactwith thiol-reactive linker reagents or linker-antibiotic intermediatesin high yield. Engineering an anti-WTA antibody to introduce a cysteineamino acid by substitution at a single site on the heavy or light chaingives two new cysteines on the symmetrical tetramer antibody. Anantibiotic loading near 2 can be achieved and near homogeneity of theconjugation product AAC.

In certain embodiments, it may be desirable to create cysteineengineered anti-WTA antibodies, e.g., “thioMAbs,” in which one or moreresidues of an antibody are substituted with cysteine residues. Inparticular embodiments, the substituted residues occur at accessiblesites of the antibody. By substituting those residues with cysteine,reactive thiol groups are thereby positioned at accessible sites of theantibody and may be used to conjugate the antibody to other moieties,such as antibiotic moieties or linker-antibiotic moieties, to create animmunoconjugate, as described further herein. In certain embodiments,any one or more of the following residues may be substituted withcysteine, including V205 (Kabat numbering) of the light chain; A118 (EUnumbering) of the heavy chain; and S400 (EU numbering) of the heavychain Fc region. Nonlimiting exemplary cysteine engineered heavy chainA118C (SEQ ID NO: 149) and light chain V205C (SEQ ID NO:151) mutants ofan anti-WTA antibody are shown. Cysteine engineered anti-WTA antibodiesmay be generated as described (Junutula, et al., 2008b Nature Biotech.,26(8):925-932; U.S. Pat. No. 7,521,541; US2011/0301334.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to an isolated anti-WTAantibody comprising a heavy chain and a light, wherein the heavy chaincomprises a wild type heavy chain constant region sequence orcysteine-engineered mutant (ThioMab) and the light chain comprises awild-type light chain constant region sequence or cysteine-engineeredmutant (ThioMab).

In one aspect, the heavy chain has at least 95% sequence identity to:Heavy chain (IgG1) constant region, wild-type (SEQ ID NO: 148)ASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK Heavy chain (IgG1) constant region, A118C“ThioMab” (SEQ ID NO: 149)CSTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGKand the light chain has at least 95% sequence identity to:Light chain (kappa) constant region, wild-type (SEQ ID NO: 150)RTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTK SFNRGECLight chain (kappa) constant region, V205C “ThioMab” (SEQ ID NO: 151)RTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPCTK SFNRGEC

The AAC of the invention include cysteine engineered anti-WTA antibodieswhere one or more amino acids of a wild-type or parent anti-WTA antibodyare replaced with a cysteine amino acid. Any form of antibody may be soengineered, i.e. mutated. For example, a parent Fab antibody fragmentmay be engineered to form a cysteine engineered Fab, referred to hereinas “ThioFab.” Similarly, a parent monoclonal antibody may be engineeredto form a “ThioMab.” It should be noted that a single site mutationyields a single engineered cysteine residue in a ThioFab, while a singlesite mutation yields two engineered cysteine residues in a ThioMab, dueto the dimeric nature of the IgG antibody. Mutants with replaced(“engineered”) cysteine (Cys) residues are evaluated for the reactivityof the newly introduced, engineered cysteine thiol groups.

Antibiotic Moieties

The antibiotic moiety (abx) of the antibody-antibiotic conjugates (AAC)of the invention is an antibiotic or group that has a cytotoxic orcytostatic effect. A wide variety of antibiotics by chemical structureand mechanism of action can be conjugated to anti-WTA antibodies andtested for their antibacterial properties. Antibiotics can be screenedfor antimicrobial activity by measuring their minimum inhibitoryconcentration (MIC) using standard MIC in vitro assays (Tomioka et al.,(1993) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37:67).

Antibiotics conjugated to anti-WTA antibodies are those described inTables 2 and 3, and in the Examples, and including clindamycin,novobiocin, retapamulin, daptomycin, GSK-2140944, CG-400549,sitafloxacin, teicoplanin, triclosan, napthyridone, radezolid,doxorubicin, ampicillin, vancomycin, imipenem, doripenem, gemcitabine,dalbavancin, and azithromycin. The mechanisms of bactericidal andbacteriostatic action of such antibiotics include, but are not limitedto: (i) inhibition of cell wall, peptidoglycan elongation (vancomycin,teicoplanin, dalbavancin); (ii) inhibition of cell wall,penicillin-binding protein crosslinks (imipenem, doripenem, ampicillin);(iii) cell membrane depolarization (daptomycin); (iv) disruption of DNAreplication (gemcitabine); (v) DNA binding (doxorubicin); (vi) enoylACP-reductase FABI (CG-400549, triclosan, napthyridone); (vii)inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis, ribosome 30S (clindamycin,retapamulin, radezolid); and (viii) topoisomerase (topoIIA) inhibitors(novobiocin, sitafloxacin, GSK-2140944). Structurally, most antibioticscan be grouped into: (i) aminoglycosides; (ii) beta-lactams; (iii)macrolides/cyclic peptides; (iv) tetracyclines; (v)fluoroquinolines/fluoroquinolones; (vi) and oxazolidinones. See: Shaw,K. and Barbachyn, M. (2011) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1241:48-70; Sutcliffe,J. (2011) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1241:122-152.

Peptide Linkers

A “peptide linker” (L) is a bifunctional or multifunctional moiety whichis covalently attached to one or more antibiotic moieties (abx) and anantibody unit (Ab) to form antibody-antibiotic conjugates (AAC) ofFormula I. Peptide linkers in AAC are substrates for cleavage byintracellular proteases, including lysosomal conditions. Proteasesincludes various cathepsins and caspases. Cleavage of the peptide linkerof an AAC inside a cell may release the rifamycin-type antibiotic withanti-bacterial effects.

The amount of active antibiotic released from cleavage of AAC can bemeasured by the Caspase release assay of Example 20.

Antibody-antibiotic conjugates (AAC) can be conveniently prepared usinga linker reagent or linker-antibiotic intermediate having reactivefunctionality for binding to the antibiotic (abx) and to the antibody(Ab). In one exemplary embodiment, a cysteine thiol of a cysteineengineered antibody (Ab) can form a bond with a functional group of alinker reagent, an antibiotic moiety or antibiotic-linker intermediate.

The peptide linker moiety of an AAC, in one aspect a linker reagent orlinker-antibiotic intermediate, has a reactive site which has anelectrophilic group that is reactive to a nucleophilic cysteine presenton an antibody. The cysteine thiol of the antibody is reactive with anelectrophilic group on a linker reagent or linker-antibiotic, forming acovalent bond. Useful electrophilic groups include, but are not limitedto, maleimide and haloacetamide groups.

Cysteine engineered antibodies react with linker reagents orlinker-antibiotic intermediates, with electrophilic functional groupssuch as maleimide or α-halo carbonyl, according to the conjugationmethod at page 766 of Klussman, et al (2004), Bioconjugate Chemistry15(4):765-773, and according to the protocol of Example 24.

In another embodiment, the reactive group of a linker reagent orlinker-antibiotic intermediate contains a thiol-reactive functionalgroup that can form a bond with a free cysteine thiol of an antibody.Examples of thiol-reaction functional groups include, but are notlimited to, maleimide, α-haloacetyl, activated esters such assuccinimide esters, 4-nitrophenyl esters, pentafluorophenyl esters,tetrafluorophenyl esters, anhydrides, acid chlorides, sulfonylchlorides, isocyanates and isothiocyanates.

In another embodiment, a linker reagent or antibiotic-linkerintermediate has a reactive functional group which has a nucleophilicgroup that is reactive to an electrophilic group present on an antibody.Useful electrophilic groups on an antibody include, but are not limitedto, pyridyl disulfide, aldehyde and ketone carbonyl groups. Theheteroatom of a nucleophilic group of a linker reagent orantibiotic-linker intermediate can react with an electrophilic group onan antibody and form a covalent bond to an antibody unit. Usefulnucleophilic groups on a linker reagent or antibiotic-linkerintermediate include, but are not limited to, hydrazide, oxime, amino,thiol, hydrazine, thiosemicarbazone, hydrazine carboxylate, andarylhydrazide. The electrophilic group on an antibody provides aconvenient site for attachment to a linker reagent or antibiotic-linkerintermediate.

A peptide linker may comprise one or more linker components. Exemplarylinker components include a peptide unit, 6-maleimidocaproyl (“MC”),maleimidopropanoyl (“MP”), valine-citrulline (“val-cit” or “vc”),alanine-phenylalanine (“ala-phe”), and p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (“PAB”),N-succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridylthio) pentanoate (“SPP”), and4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1 carboxylate (“MCC”). Various linkercomponents are known in the art, some of which are described below.

In another embodiment, the linker may be substituted with groups thatmodulate solubility or reactivity. For example, a charged substituentsuch as sulfonate (—SO₃ ⁻) or ammonium, may increase water solubility ofthe reagent and facilitate the coupling reaction of the linker reagentwith the antibody or the antibiotic moiety, or facilitate the couplingreaction of Ab-L (antibody-linker intermediate) with abx, or abx-L(antibiotic-linker intermediate) with Ab, depending on the syntheticroute employed to prepare the AAC.

The AAC of the invention expressly contemplate, but are not limited to,those prepared with linker reagents: BMPEO, BMPS, EMCS, GMBS, HBVS,LC-SMCC, MBS, MPBH, SBAP, SIA, SIAB, SMCC, SMPB, SMPH, sulfo-EMCS,sulfo-GMBS, sulfo-KMUS, sulfo-MBS, sulfo-SIAB, sulfo-SMCC, sulfo-SMPB,SVSB (succinimidyl-(4-vinylsulfone)benzoate), and bis-maleimide reagentssuch as DTME, BMB, BMDB, BMH, BMOE, BM(PEG)₂, and BM(PEG)₃.Bis-maleimide reagents allow the attachment of the thiol group of acysteine engineered antibody to a thiol-containing antibiotic moiety,label, or linker intermediate, in a sequential or convergent fashion.Other functional groups besides maleimide, which are reactive with athiol group of a cysteine engineered antibody, antibiotic moiety, orlinker-antibiotic intermediate include iodoacetamide, bromoacetamide,vinyl pyridine, disulfide, pyridyl disulfide, isocyanate, andisothiocyanate.

Useful linker reagents can also be obtained via other commercialsources, such as Molecular Biosciences Inc. (Boulder, Colo.), orsynthesized in accordance with procedures described in Toki et al (2002)J. Org. Chem. 67:1866-1872; Dubowchik, et al. (1997) TetrahedronLetters, 38:5257-60; Walker, M. A. (1995) J. Org. Chem. 60:5352-5355;Frisch et al (1996) Bioconjugate Chem. 7:180-186; U.S. Pat. No.6,214,345; WO 02/088172; US 2003130189; US2003096743; WO 03/026577; WO03/043583; and WO 04/032828.

In another embodiment, the peptide linker moiety of an AAC comprises adendritic type linker for covalent attachment of more than oneantibiotic moiety through a branching, multifunctional linker moiety toan antibody (Sun et al (2002) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters12:2213-2215; Sun et al (2003) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry11:1761-1768). Dendritic linkers can increase the molar ratio ofantibiotic to antibody, i.e. loading, which is related to the potency ofthe AAC. Thus, where a cysteine engineered antibody bears only onereactive cysteine thiol group, a multitude of antibiotic moieties may beattached through a dendritic linker.

In certain embodiments of Formula I AAC, the peptide linker has theformula:

-Str-Pep-Y-

where Str is a stretcher unit covalently attached to the anti-wallteichoic acid (WTA) antibody; Pep is a peptide of two to twelve aminoacid residues, and Y is a spacer unit covalently attached to theantibiotic. Exemplary embodiments of such linkers are described in U.S.Pat. No. 7,498,298, expressly incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, a stretcher unit “Str” has the formula:

wherein R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₁₀ alkylene-,—C₃-C₈ carbocyclo, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl)-, -arylene-, —C₁-C₁₀alkylene-arylene-, -arylene-C₁-C₁₀ alkylene-, —C₁-C₁₀ alkylene-(C₃-C₈carbocyclo)-, —(C₃-C₈ carbocyclo)-C₁-C₁₀ alkylene-, —C₃-C₈ heterocyclo-,alkylene-(C₃-C₈ heterocyclo)-, —(C₃-C₈ heterocyclo)-C₁-C₁₀ alkylene-,—(CH₂CH₂O)_(r)—, and —(CH₂CH₂O)_(r)—CH₂—; and r is an integer rangingfrom 1 to 10.

Exemplary stretcher units are shown below (wherein the wavy lineindicates sites of covalent attachment to an antibody):

A peptide unit “Pep” comprises two or more amino acid residues thatoccur naturally, including the twenty major amino acids as well as minoramino acids such as citrulline, which are well known in the field ofbiochemistry. Amino acids are distinguished by their side chain.

The peptide unit thus comprises two or more amino acid side chains,including but not limited to, —CH₃ (alanine), —CH₂CH₂CH₂NHC(NH)NH₂(arginine), —CH₂C(O)NH₂ (asparagine), CH₂CO₂H (aspartic acid),—CH₂CH₂CH₂NHC(O)NH₂ (citrulline), —CH₂SH (cysteine), —CH₂CH₂CO₂H(glutamic acid), —CH₂CH₂C(O)NH₂ (glutamine), —H (glycine), —CH₂(imidazolyl) (histidine), —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃ (isoleucine), —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₃(leucine), —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂ (lysine), —CH₂CH₂SCH₃ (methionine),—CH₂(C₆H₅) (phenylalanine), —CH₂CH₂CH₂— (proline), —CH₂OH (serine),—CH(OH)CH₃ (threonine), —CH₂ (indole) (tryptophan), —CH₂(p-C₆H₄OH)(tyrosine), —CHCH(CH₃)CH₃ (valine). See page 1076-1077, “OrganicChemistry” 5th Ed. John McMurry, Brooks/Cole pub. (2000). The amino acidresidues of the peptide unit include all stereoisomers, and may be inthe D or L configurations. In one embodiment, Pep comprises two totwelve amino acid residues independently selected from glycine, alanine,phenylalanine, lysine, arginine, valine, and citrulline. In one suchembodiment, the amino acid unit allows for cleavage of the linker by aprotease, thereby facilitating release of the antibiotic from the AACupon exposure to intracellular proteases, such as lysosomal enzymes(Doronina et al. (2003) Nat. Biotechnol. 21:778-784). Exemplary aminoacid units include, but are not limited to, a dipeptide, a tripeptide, atetrapeptide, and a pentapeptide. Exemplary dipeptides include:valine-citrulline (vc or val-cit), alanine-phenylalanine (af orala-phe); phenylalanine-lysine (fk or phe-lys); orN-methyl-valine-citrulline (Me-val-cit). Exemplary tripeptides include:glycine-valine-citrulline (gly-val-cit) and glycine-glycine-glycine(gly-gly-gly). Peptide linkers can be prepared by forming a peptide bondbetween two or more amino acids and/or peptide fragments. Such peptidebonds can be prepared, for example, according to the liquid phasesynthesis method (E. Schröder and K. Lake (1965) “The Peptides”, volume1, pp 76-136, Academic Press) which is well known in the field ofpeptide chemistry. Amino acid units can be designed and optimized intheir selectivity for enzymatic cleavage by a particular enzyme, forexample, a tumor-associated protease, cathepsin B, C and D, or a plasminprotease.

In one embodiment, spacer unit Y comprises para-aminobenzyl (PAB) orpara-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PABC). A “non-self-immolative” spacer unitis one in which part or all of the spacer unit remains bound to theantibiotic moiety upon enzymatic (e.g., proteolytic) cleavage of theAAC. Examples of non-self-immolative spacer units include, but are notlimited to, a glycine spacer unit and a glycine-glycine spacer unit.Other combinations of peptidic spacers susceptible to sequence-specificenzymatic cleavage are also contemplated. For example, enzymaticcleavage of an AAC containing a glycine-glycine spacer unit by atumor-cell associated protease would result in release of aglycine-glycine-antibiotic moiety from the remainder of the AAC. In onesuch embodiment, the glycine-glycine-antibiotic moiety is then subjectedto a separate hydrolysis step in the tumor cell, thus cleaving theglycine-glycine spacer unit from the antibiotic moiety.

A spacer unit allows for release of the antibiotic moiety without aseparate hydrolysis step. A spacer unit may be “self-immolative” or a“non-self-immolative.” In certain embodiments, a spacer unit of a linkercomprises a p-aminobenzyl unit (PAB). In one such embodiment, ap-aminobenzyl alcohol is attached to an amino acid unit via an amidebond, a carbamate, methylcarbamate, or carbonate between thep-aminobenzyl group and the antibiotic moiety (Hamann et al. (2005)Expert Opin. Ther. Patents (2005) 15:1087-1103). In one embodiment, thespacer unit is p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PAB).

In one embodiment, the antibiotic forms a quaternary amine, such as thedimethylaminopiperidyl group, when attached to the PAB spacer unit ofthe peptide linker. Examples of such quaternary amines arelinker-antibiotic intermediates (LA) are 51, 53, 67, 70 from Table 2.The quaternary amine group may modulate cleavage of the antibioticmoiety to optimize the antibacterial effects of the AAC. In anotherembodiment, the antibiotic is linked to the PABC spacer unit of thepeptide linker, forming a carbamate functional group in the AAC. Suchcarbamate functional group may also optimize the antibacterial effectsof the AAC. Examples of PABC carbamate linker-antibiotic intermediatesare 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69 from Table 2.

Other examples of self-immolative spacers include, but are not limitedto, aromatic compounds that are electronically similar to the PAB groupsuch as 2-aminoimidazol-5-methanol derivatives (U.S. Pat. No. 7,375,078;Hay et al. (1999) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 9:2237) and ortho- orpara-aminobenzylacetals. Spacers can be used that undergo cyclizationupon amide bond hydrolysis, such as substituted and unsubstituted4-aminobutyric acid amides (Rodrigues et al (1995) Chemistry Biology2:223), appropriately substituted bicyclo[2.2.1] and bicyclo[2.2.2] ringsystems (Storm et al (1972) J Amer. Chem. Soc. 94:5815) and2-aminophenylpropionic acid amides (Amsberry, et al (1990) J Org. Chem.55:5867). Elimination of amine-containing drugs that are substituted atglycine (Kingsbury et al (1984) J Med. Chem. 27:1447) is also exemplaryof self-immolative spacers useful in AAC.

Linker-Antibiotic Intermediates Useful for AAC

Linker-antibiotic intermediates of Table 2 were prepared by coupling anantibiotic moiety with a peptide-linker reagent, as exemplified in FIGS.17-19 and Examples 1-17. Linker reagents were prepared by methodsdescribed in WO 2012113847; U.S. Pat. No. 7,659,241; U.S. Pat. No.7,498,298; US 20090111756; US 20090018086; U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,345;Dubowchik et al (2002) Bioconjugate Chem. 13(4):855-869, and include:

4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl4-nitrophenyl carbonate

6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-N—((S)-1-((S)-1-(4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylamino)-1-oxo-5-ureidopentan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)hexanamide

N—((S)-1-((S)-1-(4-(chloromethyl)phenylamino)-1-oxo-5-ureidopentan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamide

TABLE 2 Linker-antibiotic intermediates LA No. Structure 51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

Antibody-antibiotic conjugates were also prepared with rifamycin-typeantibiotics. The AAC compound, thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PABC-(pipBOR)rifa-102 was prepared by conjugation of the thio-S4497 HC-A118C cysteineengineered antibody and the linker-antibiotic intermediate,MC-vc-PABC-(pipBOR). The AAC compound,thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-(dimethylpipBOR) rifa-105 was prepared byconjugation of the thio-S4497 HC-A118C cysteine engineered antibody andthe linker-antibiotic intermediate, MC-vc-PAB-(dimethylpipBOR). The twoAAC vary by the oxycarbonyl (rifa-102) and dimethylated amino (rifa-105)groups between the linker and the antibiotic moiety.

Embodiments of Antibody-Antibiotic Conjugates

The S4497 antibody was covalently attached to linker-antibioticintermediates in Table 2 via a protease cleavable, peptide linker toform the antibody-antibiotic conjugates (AAC) of Table 3. The linker isdesigned to be cleaved by lysosomal proteases including cathepsins B, Dand others, which recognize peptide units, including theValine-Citrulline (val-cit, vc) dipeptide (Dubowchik et al (2002)Bioconj. Chem. 13:855-869). Generation of the linker-antibioticintermediate consisting of the antibiotic and the MC-vc-PAB linker andothers, is described in detail in Examples 1-17. The linker is designedsuch that cleavage of the amide bond at the PAB moiety separates theantibody from the antibiotic in an active state.

FIG. 5 shows a possible mechanism of drug activation forantibody-antibiotic conjugates (AAC). Active antibiotic (Ab) is onlyreleased after internalization of the AAC inside mammalian cells. TheFab portion of the antibody in AAC binds S. aureus whereas the Fcportion of the AAC enhances uptake of the bacteria by Fc-receptormediated binding to phagocytic cells including neutrophils andmacrophages. After internalization into the phagolysosome, the val-citlinker is cleaved by lysosomal proteases releasing the active antibioticinside the phagolysosome.

An embodiment of the antibody-antibiotic conjugate (AAC) compounds ofthe invention includes the following:

where AA1 and AA2 are independently selected from an amino acid sidechain, including the formulas:

An embodiment of the antibody-antibiotic conjugate compound of theinvention comprises an anti-wall teichoic acid (WTA) antibody of any oneof claims 1 to 8, covalently attached by a peptide linker to anantibiotic selected from clindamycin, novobiocin, retapamulin,daptomycin, GSK-2140944, CG-400549, sitafloxacin, teicoplanin,triclosan, napthyridone, radezolid, doxorubicin, ampicillin, vancomycin,imipenem, doripenem, gemcitabine, dalbavancin, and azithromycin.

Antibiotic Loading of AAC

Antibiotic loading is represented by p, the average number of antibiotic(abx) moieties per antibody in a molecule of Formula I. Antibioticloading may range from 1 to 20 antibiotic moieties (D) per antibody. TheAAC of Formula I include collections or a pool of antibodies conjugatedwith a range of antibiotic moieties, from 1 to 20. The average number ofantibiotic moieties per antibody in preparations of AAC from conjugationreactions may be characterized by conventional means such as massspectroscopy, ELISA assay, and HPLC. The quantitative distribution ofAAC in terms of p may also be determined. In some instances, separation,purification, and characterization of homogeneous AAC where p is acertain value from AAC with other antibiotic loadings may be achieved bymeans such as reverse phase HPLC or electrophoresis.

For some antibody-antibiotic conjugates, p may be limited by the numberof attachment sites on the antibody. For example, where the attachmentis a cysteine thiol, as in the exemplary embodiments above, an antibodymay have only one or several cysteine thiol groups, or may have only oneor several sufficiently reactive thiol groups through which a linker maybe attached. In certain embodiments, higher antibiotic loading, e.g.p>5, may cause aggregation, insolubility, toxicity, or loss of cellularpermeability of certain antibody-antibiotic conjugates. In certainembodiments, the antibiotic loading for an AAC of the invention rangesfrom 1 to about 8; from about 2 to about 6; or from about 3 to about 5.

In certain embodiments, fewer than the theoretical maximum of antibioticmoieties are conjugated to an antibody during a conjugation reaction. Anantibody may contain, for example, lysine residues that do not reactwith the antibiotic-linker intermediate or linker reagent, as discussedbelow. Generally, antibodies do not contain many free and reactivecysteine thiol groups which may be linked to an antibiotic moiety;indeed most cysteine thiol residues in antibodies exist as disulfidebridges. In certain embodiments, an antibody may be reduced with areducing agent such as dithiothreitol (DTT) or tricarbonylethylphosphine(TCEP), under partial or total reducing conditions, to generate reactivecysteine thiol groups. In certain embodiments, an antibody is subjectedto denaturing conditions to reveal reactive nucleophilic groups such aslysine or cysteine.

The loading (antibiotic/antibody ratio, “AAR”) of an AAC may becontrolled in different ways, e.g., by: (i) limiting the molar excess ofantibiotic-linker intermediate or linker reagent relative to antibody,(ii) limiting the conjugation reaction time or temperature, and (iii)partial or limiting reductive conditions for cysteine thiolmodification.

It is to be understood that where more than one nucleophilic groupreacts with an antibiotic-linker intermediate or linker reagent followedby antibiotic moiety reagent, then the resulting product is a mixture ofAAC compounds with a distribution of one or more antibiotic moietiesattached to an antibody. The average number of antibiotics per antibodymay be calculated from the mixture by a dual ELISA antibody assay, whichis specific for antibody and specific for the antibiotic. Individual AACmolecules may be identified in the mixture by mass spectroscopy andseparated by HPLC, e.g. hydrophobic interaction chromatography (see,e.g., McDonagh et al (2006) Prot. Engr. Design & Selection19(7):299-307; Hamblett et al (2004) Clin. Cancer Res. 10:7063-7070;Hamblett, K. J., et al. “Effect of drug loading on the pharmacology,pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of an anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate,”Abstract No. 624, American Association for Cancer Research, 2004 AnnualMeeting, Mar. 27-31, 2004, Proceedings of the AACR, Volume 45, March2004; Alley, S. C., et al. “Controlling the location of drug attachmentin antibody-drug conjugates,” Abstract No. 627, American Association forCancer Research, 2004 Annual Meeting, Mar. 27-31, 2004, Proceedings ofthe AACR, Volume 45, March 2004). In certain embodiments, a homogeneousAAC with a single loading value may be isolated from the conjugationmixture by electrophoresis or chromatography. Cysteine-engineeredantibodies of the invention enable more homogeneous preparations sincethe reactive site on the antibody is primarily limited to the engineeredcysteine thiol. In one embodiment, the average number of antibioticmoieties per antibody is in the range of about 1 to about 20. In someembodiments the range is selected and controlled from about 1 to 4.

Methods of Preparing Antibody-Antibiotic Conjugates

An AAC of Formula I may be prepared by several routes employing organicchemistry reactions, conditions, and reagents known to those skilled inthe art, including: (1) reaction of a nucleophilic group of an antibodywith a bivalent linker reagent to form Ab-L via a covalent bond,followed by reaction with an antibiotic moiety abx; and (2) reaction ofa nucleophilic group of an antibiotic moiety with a bivalent linkerreagent, to form L-abx, via a covalent bond, followed by reaction with anucleophilic group of an antibody. Exemplary methods for preparing anAAC of Formula I via the latter route are described in U.S. Pat. No.7,498,298, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.

Nucleophilic groups on antibodies include, but are not limited to: (i)N-terminal amine groups, (ii) side chain amine groups, e.g. lysine,(iii) side chain thiol groups, e.g. cysteine, and (iv) sugar hydroxyl oramino groups where the antibody is glycosylated. Amine, thiol, andhydroxyl groups are nucleophilic and capable of reacting to formcovalent bonds with electrophilic groups on linker moieties and linkerreagents including: (i) active esters such as NHS esters, HOBt esters,haloformates, and acid halides; (ii) alkyl and benzyl halides such ashaloacetamides; (iii) aldehydes, ketones, carboxyl, and maleimidegroups. Certain antibodies have reducible interchain disulfides, i.e.cysteine bridges. Antibodies may be made reactive for conjugation withlinker reagents by treatment with a reducing agent such as DTT(dithiothreitol) or tricarbonylethylphosphine (TCEP), such that theantibody is fully or partially reduced. Each cysteine bridge will thusform, theoretically, two reactive thiol nucleophiles. Additionalnucleophilic groups can be introduced into antibodies throughmodification of lysine residues, e.g., by reacting lysine residues with2-iminothiolane (Traut's reagent), resulting in conversion of an amineinto a thiol. Reactive thiol groups may be introduced into an antibodyby introducing one, two, three, four, or more cysteine residues (e.g.,by preparing variant antibodies comprising one or more non-nativecysteine amino acid residues).

Antibody-antibiotic conjugates of the invention may also be produced byreaction between an electrophilic group on an antibody, such as analdehyde or ketone carbonyl group, with a nucleophilic group on a linkerreagent or antibiotic. Useful nucleophilic groups on a linker reagentinclude, but are not limited to, hydrazide, oxime, amino, hydrazine,thiosemicarbazone, hydrazine carboxylate, and arylhydrazide. In oneembodiment, an antibody is modified to introduce electrophilic moietiesthat are capable of reacting with nucleophilic substituents on thelinker reagent or antibiotic. In another embodiment, the sugars ofglycosylated antibodies may be oxidized, e.g. with periodate oxidizingreagents, to form aldehyde or ketone groups which may react with theamine group of linker reagents or antibiotic moieties. The resultingimine Schiff base groups may form a stable linkage, or may be reduced,e.g. by borohydride reagents to form stable amine linkages. In oneembodiment, reaction of the carbohydrate portion of a glycosylatedantibody with either galactose oxidase or sodium meta-periodate mayyield carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone) groups in the antibody that canreact with appropriate groups on the antibiotic (Hermanson, BioconjugateTechniques). In another embodiment, antibodies containing N-terminalserine or threonine residues can react with sodium meta-periodate,resulting in production of an aldehyde in place of the first amino acid(Geoghegan & Stroh, (1992) Bioconjugate Chem. 3:138-146; U.S. Pat. No.5,362,852). Such an aldehyde can be reacted with an antibiotic moiety orlinker nucleophile.

Nucleophilic groups on an antibiotic moiety include, but are not limitedto: amine, thiol, hydroxyl, hydrazide, oxime, hydrazine,thiosemicarbazone, hydrazine carboxylate, and arylhydrazide groupscapable of reacting to form covalent bonds with electrophilic groups onlinker moieties and linker reagents including: (i) active esters such asNHS esters, HOBt esters, haloformates, and acid halides; (ii) alkyl andbenzyl halides such as haloacetamides; (iii) aldehydes, ketones,carboxyl, and maleimide groups.

The antibody-antibiotic conjugates (AAC) in Table 3 were prepared byconjugation of the described anti-WTA antibodies and linker-antibioticintermediates of Table 2, and according to the described methods inExample 24. AAC were tested for efficacy by in vitro macrophage assay(Example 18) and in vivo mouse kidney model (Example 19).

TABLE 3 Antibody-antibiotic conjugates (AAC) Abx CAS Reg. No. linker-abxAAC class LA No. Macrophage No. AAC formula MOA (Table 2) AAR* assayactivity 101 thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc- clindamycin 51 1.9 0PAB-(clindamycin) 18323-44-9 Ribosome 50s 102 thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-novobiocin 52 1.9 0 PAB-(novobiocin) 303-81-1 AminocoumarinTopoisomerase II 103 thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc- retapamulin 53 1.7 0PAB-(retapamulin) 224452-66-8 Pleuromutilin Ribosome 50s 104thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc- daptomycin 54 2.1 0 PABC-(daptomycin)103060-53-3 Lipopeptide Cell membrane 105 thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-GSK-2140944 55 2.0 0 PABC-(GSK-2140944) Topoisomerase type 2 106thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc- CG-400549 56 2.0 PABC-(CG-400549) Fab1 107thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc- sitafloxacin 57 1.9 weak PABC-(sitafloxacin)127254-12-0 fluoroquinolone 108 thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc- teicoplanin58 1.7 weak PABC-(teicoplanin) 61036-62-2 Glycopeptide Cell wall PG,lipid II 109 thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc- triclosan 59 1.9 0PAB-(triclosan) 3380-34-5 Fab1 110 thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc- AFN-125260 1.9 0 PABC-(napthyridone) napthyridone Fab1 (WO 2007/067416) 111thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc- radezolid 61 PABC-(radezolid) 869884-78-6oxazolidinone Protein synthesis 112 thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-doxorubicin 62 1.9 PABC-(doxorubicin) 23214-92-8 anthracycline 113thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc- ampicillin 63 1.8 0 PABC-(ampicillin) 69-53-4beta-lactam cell wall PBP 114 thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc- vancomycin 640.9 PABC-(vancomycin) 1404-90-6 glycopeptide 115 thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-imipenem 65 1.8 VC-PABC-(imipenem) 74431-23-5 Carbapenem Beta-lactam 116thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC- doripenem 66 1.8 VC-PABC-(doripenem) 148016-81-3carbapenem Beta-lactam 117 thio-S4497 v1HC-MC-vc- retapamulin 67 1.7PABC-PAB-(retapamulin) 224452-66-8 Pleuromutilin Ribosome 50s 118thio-S4497v1 HC-MC-vc- gemcitabine 68 1.7 PABC-(gemcitabine) 95058-81-4119 thio-S4497-HC-A118C- dalbavancin 69 — (dalbavancin) 171500-79-1glycopeptide 120 thio-S4497-v8-LCcys-MC-vc- radezolid 61 1.9PAB-(radezolid) 869884-78-6 oxazolidinone Protein synthesis 121thio-S4497-v8-LC-V205C- azithromycin 70 — 0 (azithromycin) 83905-01-5122 thio-S4497-v8-LCV205C- delafloxacin 71 1.5 0 (delafloxacin)189279-58-1 fluoroquinolone 123 thio-S4497-v8-LCV205C- teicoplanin 721.8 0 (teicoplanin) glycopeptide 61036-62-2 124 thio-S4497 WT (V8), LCGP-13 73 2.0 0 V205C-(GP-13) type IIA Topoisomerase 125thio-S4497-v8-LCV205C- finafloxacin 74 2.1 0 (finafloxacin) type IIATopoisomerase fluoroquinolone Higgins et al (2010) Antimicrob AgentsChemother. Apr; 54(4): 1613-5 126 thio-S4497 WT (V8), LC GP-1 75 2.0 0V205C-(GP-1) type IIA Topoisomerase DNA Gyrase/GyrB, TopoIV 127thio-S4497 WT (V8), LC GP-1 76 2.0 0 V205C-(GP-1) type IIA TopoisomeraseDNA Gyrase/GyrB, TopoIV 128 thio-S4497 WT (V8), LC thiostrepton 77 1.8 0V205C-(thiostrepton) 1393-48-2 Protein synthesis: ribosome 50S 129thio-S4497-v8-LCV205C-(LA- 78 1.9 0 78) 130 thio-S4497-v8-LCV205C-(LA-79 1.9 0 79) 131 thio-S4497-v8-LCV205C-(LA- 80 2.0 0 80) 132thio-S4497-v8-LCV205C-(LA- 81 2.0 0 81) 133 thio-S4497-v8-LCV205C-(LA-82 2.0 0 82) 134 thio-S4497-v8-LCV205C-MC- GSK 83 2.0 0 vc-PABC-(GSKnapthyridine) napthyridine Type IIA Topoisomerase 135 thio-S6078 v4HC-CYS, LC- delafloxacin 71 3.3 0 CYS (constructs DC44, DC57)-189279-58-1 fluoroquinolone 136 thio-S6078 v4 HC-CYS, LC- sitafloxacin57 4.0 CYS-MC-vc-PABC- 127254-12-0 (sitafloxicin) fluoroquinolone 137thio-S6078 v4 HC-CYS, LC- teicoplanin 58 tbd CYS-MC-vc-PABC- 61036-62-2(teicoplanin) Glycopeptide 138 thio-S6078 v4 HC-WT, LC- teicoplanin 581.9 CYS-MC-vc-PABC- 61036-62-2 (teicoplanin) Glycopeptide 139thio-S4497-v8-LC-V205C-MC- teicoplanin 58 1.7  1+ vc-PABC-(teicoplanin)61036-62-2 Glycopeptide 140 thio-S4497-v8-LC-V205C-MC- teicoplanin 581.9 0 vc-PABC-(teicoplanin) 61036-62-2 Glycopeptide 141thio-S4497-v8-LC-V205C- thiostrepton 84 1.8 0 (thiostrepton) 1393-48-2Protein synthesis: ribosome 50S 142 thio-S4497-v8-LC-V205C- AFN-1252 NH85 1.2 0 Azp Enoyl ACP- reductase (FABI) 143 thio-S4497-v8-LC-V205C-MC-86 1.8 0 vc-PABC-(LA-86) 144 thio-S4497-v8-LC-cys- Fluoroquinolone 871.7 0 fluoroquinolone Topo IIA 145 thio-S4497-v8-LC-cys-MC-vc- 88 2.4PABC-(LA-88) 146 thio-S4497-v8-LC-cys-MC-vc- Fluoroquinolone 89 1.9PAB-(LA-89) Topo IIA 147 thio-S4497-v8-LC-cys- Fluoroquinolone 90 2.0Topo IIA 148 thio-S4497-v8-LC-cys- sitafloxacin 91 1.9 (sitafloxacin)127254-12-0 fluoroquinolone 149 thio-S4497-v8-LC-cys-MC-vc- nosiheptide92 1.1 0 PAB-(nosiheptide) Protein synthesis: Ribosome 50S Haste et al JAntibiot (Tokyo). 2012 Dec; 65(12): 593-8 150 thio-S4497-v8-LCV205C-MC-delafloxacin 71 1.7 0 vc-PAB carbonate-(delafloxicin) 189279-58-1fluoroquinolone 151 thio-S4497-v8-LCV205C- fluoroquinolone 93 1.9 152thio-S4497-v8-LCV205C- fluoroquinolone 94 1.9 153 thio-S4497-v8-LCV205C-fluoroquinolone 95 1.8 154 thio-S4497-v8-LCV205C-MC- nosiheptide 96 tbdvc-PABC-(nosiheptide) Protein synthesis: Ribosome 50S Haste et al JAntibiot (Tokyo). 2012 Dec; 65(12): 593-8 *AAR = antibiotic/antibodyratio average Wild-type (“WT”), cysteine engineered mutant antibody(“thio”), light chain (“LC”), heavy chain (“HC”), 6-maleimidocaproyl(“MC”), maleimidopropanoyl (“MP”), valine-citrulline (“val-cit” or“vc”), alanine-phenylalanine (“ala-phe”), p-aminobenzyl (“PAB”), andp-aminobenzyloxycathonyl (“PABC”), HC-A114C Kabat = HC-A118C EUIn Vitro Analysis Demonstrating that AAC Kill Intracellular MRSA

In vitro experiments confirm that the AAC release active antibiotic onlyafter the linker between the antibody and the antibiotic is cleaved byan appropriate enzyme such as cathepsin B. MRSA was cultured overnightin normal bacterial growth media and up to 10 μg/mL of AAC. Incubationof MRSA with the S4497-pipBOR or S4497-dimethyl-pipBOR AACs did notresult in inhibition of bacterial growth unless the AACs werepre-treated with cathepsin B to release the active antibiotic. An invitro assay utilizing murine peritoneal macrophages confirmed that AACrelease active antibiotic and kill MRSA inside phagocytic cells (Example18). An AAC comprising antibody rF1, which binds to a family of cellwall associated proteins was conjugated to a rifamycin derivative. S.aureus (Newman strain) was treated with various doses of the rF1-AAC orwith equivalent doses of either antibody alone, rifampicin alone or amixture of antibody and free rifampicin to permit antibody binding tothe bacteria (opsonization) and after 1 hour incubation the opsonizedbacteria were fed to macrophages (FIG. 7A).

FIG. 7A shows an in vitro macrophage assay demonstrating that AAC killintracellular MRSA. S. aureus (Newman) was incubated with rF1 antibodyalone, free rifampicin alone, a simple mixture of the rF1 antibody plusfree rifampicin combined at the same ratio of antibody to antibioticfound in the AAC, or the rF1-AAC for 1 hour and added to murinemacrophages. Macrophages were incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours to permitphagocytosis. After phagocytosis was complete, the infection mix wasreplaced with normal growth media supplemented with 50 μg/mL ofgentamycin to inhibit the growth of extracellular bacteria and the totalnumber of surviving intracellular bacteria was determined 2 days afterinfection by plating.

The macrophages were infected for 2 hours and the infection was removedand replaced with media containing gentamycin to kill any remainingextracellular bacteria that were not taken up by the macrophages. After2 days, macrophages were lysed and the total number of survivingintracellular bacteria was determined by plating on agar plates.Analysis revealed that treatment with the AAC resulted in more than 100fold reduction in the number of intracellular bacteria compared totreatment with a simple mixture of the rF1 antibody plus free rifampicincombined at the same antibody to antibiotic ratio found in the AAC (FIG.7A).

MRSA is able to invade a number of non-phagocytic cell types includingosteoblasts and various epithelial and endothelial cell types (Garzoniand Kelly, (2008) Trends in Microbiology). MRSA is able to infect anosteoblast cell line (MG63), an airway epithelial cell line (A549) andprimary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). FIG.7B shows intracellular killing of MRSA (USA300 strain) with 50 μg/mL ofS4497-pipBOR AAC 102 in macrophages, osteoblasts (MG63), Airwayepithelial cells (A549), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC) where naked, unconjugated antibody S4497 does not. These celltypes likely express lower overall levels of cathepsin B thanprofessional phagocytic cells such as macrophages, however MRSA treatedwith 50 μg/mL the was effectively killed after internalization into allthree of these cell lines. The dashed line indicates the limit ofdetection for the assay.

In vitro analysis was performed to compare the activity of AAC made withvariations in the linker that joins the antibody to the antibiotic. TheS4497-dimethyl-pipBOR AAC is more potent than the S4497-pipBOR AAC inthe macrophage intracellular killing assay. The S4497-pipBOR AAC and theS4497-dimethyl-pipBOR AAC were titrated to determine the minimumeffective dose in our macrophage intracellular killing assay (FIG. 7C).Treatment with at least 2 μg/mL of AAC may be necessary to achieveoptimal clearance of intracellular bacteria.

FIG. 7C shows comparison of AAC made with pipBOR 51 vs. dimethyl-pipBOR(diMe-pipBOR) 54. MRSA was opsonized with S4497 antibody alone or withAACs: S4497-pipBOR 102 or S4497-diMethyl-pipBOR 105 at variousconcentrations ranging from 10 μg/mL to 0.003 μg/mL. These data revealedthat for both AAC, optimal killing occurred when AAC were tested at morethan 2 μg/mL, with a dose dependent loss in activity that became evidentat 0.4 μg/mL. The overall level of killing was significantly superiorwith the S4497 dimethyl-pipBOR AAC 105. Treatment with higher doses ofthe S4497-dimethyl-pipBOR AAC 105 eliminated the intracellular bacteriato below the limit of detection and over 300 fold killing using asuboptimal dose of 0.4 μg/mL of AAC was observed.

At 100 μg/mL, the teicoplanin AAC 108 reduces the CFU/well from 10,000to about 500. Also at 100 μg/mL, the sitafloxacin AAC 107 reducesCFU/well from 10,000 to about 5,000.

FIG. 7D shows AAC kills intracellular bacteria without harming themacrophages. The USA300 strain of S. aureus was pre-incubated with 50μg/mL of the S4497 anti-S. aureus antibody (antibody) or with 50 μg/mLof thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR 105 AAC, for 1 hour topermit binding of antibody to the bacteria. Opsonized bacteria wereadded to murine peritoneal macrophages at a multiplicity of infection of10-20 bacteria per macrophage and incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours topermit phagocytosis. After phagocytosis was complete, free bacteria wereremoved and the macrophages were cultured for 2 days in normal growthmedia supplemented with 50 μg/mL of gentamycin to kill non-internalizedbacteria. At the end of the culture period, survival of macrophages wasassessed by detecting release of cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)into the culture supernatant. The total amount of LDH released from eachwell was compared to control wells containing macrophages that werelysed by addition of detergent to the wells. The extent of macrophagecell lysis in wells treated with detergent, uninfected macrophages,macrophages infected with USA300 pre-opsonized with S4497 antibody ormacrophages infected with USA300 pre-opsonized withthio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR 105 AAC was measured.

FIG. 7E shows recovery of live USA300 from inside macrophages from themacrophage cell lysis above. Macrophages were lysed and serial dilutionsof the cell lysate were plated to enumerate the number of survivingintracellular bacteria.

FIG. 9 shows a growth inhibition assay demonstrating that AAC are nottoxic to S. aureus unless the linker is cleaved by cathepsin B. Aschematic cathepsin release assay (Example 20) is shown on the left. AACis treated with cathepsin B to release free antibiotic. The total amountof antibiotic activity in the intact vs. the cathepsin B treated AAC isdetermined by preparing serial dilutions of the resulting reaction anddetermining the minimum dose of AAC that is able to inhibit the growthof S. aureus. The upper right plot shows the cathepsin release assay forthio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-pipBOR 102 and the lower right plot showsthe cathepsin release assay forthio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR 105.

In Vivo Efficacy of Antibody Antibiotic Conjugates:

An in vivo peritonitis model in mice was established to test theefficacy of AAC. In this model, mice are infected by intraperitonealinjection (LP.) of MRSA and the bacterial load is monitored 2 days afterinfection in the peritoneal fluid and kidney. Bacteria harvested fromthe peritoneum could be found either as free floating extracellularbacteria or internalized inside peritoneal cells—primarily neutrophilsand macrophages—that are recruited to the site of the infection.Although extracellular bacteria identified in this model appeared to besensitive to antibiotic treatment, the intracellular bacteria were shownto be unresponsive to treatment with a number of clinically relevantantibiotics including rifampin (Sandberg et al (2009) AntimicrobialAgents Chemother) and therefore appeared to be an excellent target totest efficacy of our AAC.

FIG. 8A shows in vivo efficacy of the S4497-pipBOR AAC 102.Intraperitoneal infection model in A/J mice. Mice were infected with5×10⁷ CFU of MRSA by intraperitoneal injection and treated with 50 mg/Kgof S4497 antibody alone or with 50 mg/Kg of the S4497-pipBOR AAC 102 byintraperitoneal injection (protocol 11-2032A). Mice were sacrificed 2days post infection and the total bacterial load was assessed in theperitoneal supernatant (Extracellular bacteria), peritoneal cells(Intracellular bacteria) or in the kidney.

A/J mice were infected with USA300 and administered 50 mg/Kg of eitherS4497 antibody or S4497-pipBOR AAC 102 thirty minutes after infection.After 2 days, the mice were sacrificed and bacterial loads weremonitored in the peritoneal wash and the kidney. To distinguish betweenextracellular and intracellular bacteria, the peritoneal wash wascentrifuged gently to separate the supernatant, containing extracellularbacteria, and the peritoneal cells. Peritoneal cells were treated withlysostaphin to kill any contaminating extracellular bacteria and lysedto enumerate the total number of intracellular bacteria at the time ofharvest. Although mice treated with antibody alone harbored between 10⁵and 10⁶ CFU of both intracellular and extracellular bacteria in theperitoneal wash and between 10⁴ and 10⁶ bacteria in the kidney, the micetreated with the S4497-pipBOR AAC cleared the infection to below thelimit of detection. These data revealed that although the AAC isdesigned to release active antibiotic inside the phagolysosome,excellent clearance of both the intracellular and extracellular pools ofMRSA was observed. Since extracellular bacteria are not killed directlyby the AAC, the fact that these bacteria were also cleared by AACtreatment suggests that either a significant fraction of theextracellular bacteria is taken up by cells at some time during theinfection, or that the AAC is able to enhance uptake of extracellularbacteria thereby increasing the relative proportion of bacteria that areintracellular where they are effectively killed by the AAC.

Efficacy of the AAC in an intravenous infection model was also examined.In this model, S. aureus is taken up by circulating neutrophils shortlyafter infection such that the majority of bacteria found in blood areassociated with host cells within minutes after infection (Rogers, et al(1956) J. Exp. Med. 103:713-742). A/J Mice were infected with 2×10⁶ CFUof MRSA by intravenous injection, and then treated with 50 mg/Kg of AACsby intravenous injection 30 minutes post infection. In this model, theprimary site of infection is the kidney, and mice develop largeabscesses that are detectable by two days post infection and fail to becleared for up to 30 days in the absence of treatment. Treatment with 50mg/Kg of the S4497-pipBOR AAC 102 cleared the infection in all of themice tested (FIG. 8B).

FIG. 8B shows intravenous infection model in A/J mice. Mice wereinfected with 2×10⁶ CFU by intravenous injection and treated with 50mg/Kg of S4497 antibody, 50 mg/Kg of S4497-pipBOR AAC 102 or a simplemixture of 50 mg/Kg of S4497 antibody+0.5 mg/Kg of free rifamycin.Treatments were delivered by IV injection 30 minutes post infection andkidneys were harvested 4 days post infection. The grey dashed lineindicates the limit of detection for each organ. Control groups treatedwith 50 mg/Kg of S4497 antibody alone, or with a simple mixture of 50mg/Kg of S4497 antibody plus 0.5 mg/kg free rifamycin (the equivalentdose of antibiotic present in 50 mg/Kg of AAC) were not efficacious.

Efficacy of AAC made with pipBOR and dimethyl-pipBOR antibiotic moietieswas compared in vivo in the intravenous infection model in A/J mice. TheS4497-pipBOR AAC 102 (FIG. 9A) or the S4497-dimethyl-pipBOR AAC 105(FIG. 9B) were administered at various doses ranging from 50 mg/Kg to 2m/Kg 30 minutes after infection and kidneys were examined 4 days afterinfection to determine the total bacterial load. FIG. 9A shows efficacyof pipBOR AAC 102 in an intravenous infection model by titration of theS4497-pipBOR AAC 102. Seven week old female A/J Mice were infected with2×10⁶ CFU of MRSA (USA300 strain) by intravenous injection into the tailvein. FIG. 9B shows efficacy of diMethyl-pipBOR AAC 105 in theintravenous infection model by titration of the S4497-dimethyl-pipBORAAC 105. Treatments with S4497 antibody, AAC 102 or AAC 105 wereadministered at the indicated doses 30 minutes after infection. Micewere sacrificed 4 days after infection and the total number of survivingbacteria per mouse (2 kidneys pooled) was determined by plating.

Both AAC were effective at the highest dose of 50 mg/Kg, however theS4497-pipBOR AAC 102 was only partially efficacious at lower doses. TheS4497-dimethyl-pipBOR AAC 105 yielded complete bacterial clearance atdoses above 10 mg/Kg. Subsequent experiments indicated that doses above15 mg/Kg were required for consistent bacterial clearance. FIGS. 9A and9B show thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR 105 AAC is moreefficacious than thio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-pipBOR 102 AAC in anintravenous infection model indicating an effect of the carbamate (51)and dimethylpiperidyl (54) structural distinction between 102 and 105,respectively.

Mice were treated with the AAC 30 minutes after infection. To betterreplicate conditions likely to occur in MRSA patients seeking treatment,it was determined whether the AAC is effective at clearing anestablished infection and that linking of the antibiotic to an anti-S.aureus antibody provides a definite advantage over treatment withantibiotic alone. To this end, the efficacy of AAC with an equivalentdose of the antibiotic dimethyl-pipBOR was compared.

FIG. 9C shows CB17.SCID mice infected with 2×10⁷ CFU of MRSA byintravenous injection (protocol 12-2418). One day after infection, themice were treated with 50 mg/Kg of S4497 antibody, 50 mg/Kg of S4497dimethyl-pipBOR AAC 105 or with 0.5 mg/Kg of dimethyl-pipBOR antibiotic7, the equivalent dose of antibiotic that is contained in 50 mg/Kg ofAAC). Mice were sacrificed 4 days after infection and the total numberof surviving bacteria per mouse (2 kidneys pooled) was determined byplating. Treatment with 50 mg/Kg of S4497-dimethyl-pipBOR AAC wasclearly efficacious when given 1 day post infection, whereas treatmentwith the equivalent dose of dimethyl-pipBOR alone failed to clear theinfection.

Treatment with an AAC is Efficacious in the Presence of Human Antibodiesand Superior to Treatment with the Current Standard of Care (SOC)Vancomycin

The S4497 antibody was cloned from B cells derived from S. aureusinfected patients. This raised the concern that normal human serum, orserum present in MRSA infected patients may contain anti-MRSA antibodiesthat would compete for binding with our AAC. To address this, humanserum derived from normal healthy donors and a panel of MRSA patientswas tested to estimate the overall level of anti-MRSA antibodies thatrecognize the same antigen as the AAC. An ELISA based assay using cellwall preparations from MRSA was developed. To limit non-antigen specificbinding to the cell wall preparations in these assays, a strain of MRSAthat is deficient in the gene for protein A was utilized. Protein Abinds to the Fc region of IgG antibodies. Binding of various wild-type(WT) serum samples to MRSA that expressed the S4497 antigen (FIG. 10A,WT) was examined versus binding to a MRSA strain TarM/TarS DKO (doubleknockout) mutant which lacks the sugar modifications that are recognizedby the S4497 antibody. FIG. 10A shows prevalence of anti-S. aureusantibodies in human serum. S. aureus infected patients or normalcontrols contain high amounts of WTA specific serum antibody with samespecificity as anti-WTA S4497.

A standard curve was generated using a monoclonal antibody that bindswell to the same antigen that is recognized by S4497. By comparing thelevel of binding in serum samples to the signal obtained from theantibody used to generate the standard curve, the level of anti-MRSAantibodies present in serum samples derived from normal healthy donorsor MRSA patients, or in total IgG preparations isolated from normalserum was estimated (FIG. 10A). Normal human serum contains 10-15 mg/mLof total IgG (Manz et al. (2005) Annu Rev. Immunol. 23:367). Analysis ofanti-MRSA reactivity in the different serum samples revealed that up to300 μg/mL of these antibodies are potentially reactive with the sameantigen recognized by S4497 and are therefore likely to compete forbinding with the AAC.

The S4497 antibody was used to generate AAC for properties includingvery high binding on MRSA (estimated 50,000 binding sites perbacterium). Sufficient numbers of AAC may be able to bind to MRSA evenin the presence of the competing antibodies found in human serum. Totest this directly, the S4497-dimethyl-pipBOR AAC in buffer supplementedwith 10 mg/mL of human IgG (FIG. 10B, +IGIV) was titrated and the levelof intracellular killing was measured in the macrophage intracellularkilling assay.

FIG. 10B shows an in vivo infection model demonstrating that AAC isefficacious in the presence of physiological levels of human IgG. Invitro macrophage assay with the USA300 strain of MRSA shows thatS4497-dimethyl-pipBOR AAC 105 is efficacious in the presence of 10 mg/mLof human IgG. The USA300 strain of MRSA was opsonized with AAC alone, orwith AAC diluted in 10 mg/mL of human IgG for 1 hour at 37° C. withshaking. The opsonized bacteria were added directly to murine peritonealmacrophages and incubated for 2 hours to permit phagocytosis. Afterinfection, the macrophage cultures were maintained in complete mediasupplemented with gentamycin and the total number of survivingintracellular bacteria was assessed 2 days post infection. These datarevealed that although the human IgG did inhibit AAC killing at thelower doses, excellent killing was achieved using doses above 10 μg/mL,an antibody concentration that is readily achievable in vivo. Normalserum IgG can diminish the functional effect of 105 AAC. Since maximalmacrophage intracellular killing activity of an AAC may require bothhigh antigen binding and efficient interaction with FcRs (foropsonophagocytosis), preexisting serum antibodies may both compete forbinding to WTA and the corresponding formed immune complexes compete forbinding to FcRs on macrophages.

To confirm that the AAC would be effective in the presence of competinghuman antibodies in vivo, the in vivo infection model was modified togenerate mice that express normal levels of human IgG in the serum.CB17:SCID mice, that lack both T cells and B cells and therefore do nothave antibodies in the serum (Bosna & Carroll, (1991) Ann Rev Immunol.9:323, were reconstituted with 10 mg/mL of human IgG by daily dosing ofhighly concentrated human IgG (IGIV). Preliminary studies confirmed thatthese mice, termed SCID:huIgG, indeed had sustained levels of at least10 mg/mL of human IgG in the serum and that these mice were equallysusceptible to infection with MRSA compared to untreated controls.SCID:huIgG mice were infected with MRSA and treated with either S4497antibody or with the S4497-dimethyl-pipBOR AAC (50 mg/Kg) 1 day afterinfection. Four days after infection the bacterial load in the kidneys(FIG. 10C) was assessed.

FIG. 10C shows the combined data from 3 independent experiments using 2separate preparations of thethio-S4497-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-dimethyl-pipBOR AAC 105 or 112. CB17.SCIDmice were reconstituted with human IgG using a dosing regimen optimizedto yield constant levels of at least 10 mg/mL of human IgG in serum.Mice were treated with S4497 antibody (50 mg/Kg), orS4497-dimethyl-pipBOR AAC (50 mg/Kg). Mice treated with the AAC had agreater than 4-log reduction in bacterial loads (Students t-testp=0.0005). Bacterial loads were on average over 10,000 fold lower in themice treated with the S4497-dimethyl-pipBOR AAC compared to mice treatedwith S4497 antibody control, indicating that the AAC was clearlyeffective even in the presence of high levels of competing humananti-MRSA antibodies.

Efficacy of the AAC was compared with that of treatment with vancomycin,the current standard of care treatment for MRSA infections. FIG. 11Ashows in vivo infection model demonstrating that AAC is more efficaciousthan the current standard of care (SOC) antibiotic vancomycin in micethat are reconstituted with normal levels of human IgG. CB17.SCID micewere reconstituted with human IgG using a dosing regimen optimized toyield constant levels of at least 10 mg/mL of human IgG in serum. Micewere treated with S4497 antibody (50 mg/Kg), vancomycin (100 mg/Kg),S4497-dimethyl-pipBOR AAC (50 mg/Kg, 112 or an AAC made with an isotypecontrol antibody that does not recognize MRSA, thio-hu-anti gD5B5-HC-A118C-MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR AAC 110 (50 mg/Kg). Mice receivingAACs were given a single dose of AAC on day 1 post infection byintravenous injection. Mice receiving vancomycin treatments were giventwice daily injections of the antibiotic by intraperitoneal injection.All mice were sacrificed on day 4 post infection, and the total numberof surviving bacteria per mouse (2 kidneys pooled) was determined byplating.

Treatment with vancomycin is effective at treating MRSA infection in ourmurine intravenous infection model if the treatment is initiated 30minutes after infection. Twice-daily dosing with 100 mg/Kg of vancomycinfailed to clear the infection, and was only able to reduce bacterialloads by about 50 fold, when treatment was initiated more than 1 daypost infection (FIG. 11A). Strikingly, treatment with a single dose ofthe S4497-dimethyl-pipBOR AAC 1 day after infection was able to clearthe infection in the majority of mice. Surprisingly, treatment withcontrol AAC made with a human IgG antibody that does not recognize S.aureus (gD-AAC) had some efficacy in this model. The gD antibody doesnot recognize S. aureus through its antigen binding site, however theantibody is able to bind to protein A found on S. aureus.

FIG. 11C shows in vivo infection model demonstrating that AAC,thio-S6078-HC A114C-LCWT-MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR, rifa-129 is moreefficacious than naked anti-WTA antibody S4497, according to the sameregimen as FIG. 11A, in mice that are reconstituted with normal levelsof human IgG. CB17.SCID mice were reconstituted with human IgG using adosing regimen optimized to yield constant levels of at least 10 mg/mLof human IgG in serum. Mice were treated with S4497 antibody (50 mg/Kg),or thio-S6078-HC A114C-LCWT-MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR, rifa-129 AAC (50mg/Kg).

FACS analysis showed that staining with high concentrations of the gDantibody on bacteria isolated from an in vivo infection yields low levelbinding to S. aureus relative to binding of anti-MRSA antibodies to MRSAisolated from infected kidneys (FIG. 11B). Mice were infected with MRSAby intravenous injection and infected kidneys were removed 3 days postinfection and homogenized. Anti-MRSA or control antibodies were labeledwith Alexa-488 and tested at a range of concentrations between 0.08μg/mL and 50 μg/mL. The S4497 antibody recognizes a N-acetylglucosaminemodification that is linked to wall teichoic acid (WTA) via abeta-anomeric bond on the cell wall of S. aureus. The 7578 antibodybinds to a similar N-acetylglucosamine modification that is joined toWTA via an alpha-anomeric bond. The rF1 antibody is a positive controlanti-MRSA antibody that recognizes sugar modifications found on a familyof SDR-repeat containing cell wall anchored proteins. The gD antibody isa negative control human IgG₁ that does not recognize S. aureus.Although the overall level of binding with the gD antibody issignificantly lower than that obtained with the S4497 antibody(estimated to be at least 30 fold lower by FACS analysis, FIG. 11B), thelimited efficacy seen with the gD-AAC indicates that even low levelbinding of an AAC on MRSA in vivo is sufficient to yield efficacy thatappeared equivalent to the reduction in CFUs obtained with vancomycin.

The above data clearly demonstrate that AAC are able to killintracellular MRSA and that the S4497-pipBOR, and S4497 dimethyl-pipBORAAC are effective at limiting infection with MRSA both in vitro and invivo. AAC of the invention act by killing bacteria inside mammaliancells and thereby provide a unique therapeutic that is more effective atkilling populations of bacteria that are resistant to treatment withvancomycin.

FIG. 20 shows that pre-treatment with 50 mg/kg of free antibodies is notefficacious in an intravenous infection model. Balb/c mice were given asingle dose of vehicle control (PBS) or 50 mg/Kg of antibodies byintravenous injection 30 minutes prior to infection with 2×10⁷ CFU ofUSA300. Treatment groups included an isotype control antibody that doesnot bind to S. aureus (gD), an antibody directed against the betamodification of wall teichoic acid (4497) or an antibody directedagainst the alpha modification of wall teichoic acid (7578). Controlmice were given twice daily treatments with 110 mg/Kg of vancomycin byintraperitoneal injection (Vanco). All mice were sacrificed on day 4post-infection, and the total number of surviving bacteria in kidneys (2kidneys pooled) was determined by plating. Although pre-treatment withvancomycin cleared the infection in all of the mice tested,pre-treatment with antibodies directed against the cell wall of S.aureus had no effect on bacterial loads.

FIGS. 21 and 22 show that AACs directed against either the betamodification of wall teichoic acid or the alpha modification of wallteichoic acid are efficacious in an intravenous infection model usingmice that are reconstituted with normal levels of human IgG. CB17.SCIDmice were reconstituted with human IgG using a dosing regimen optimizedto yield constant levels of at least 10 mg/mL of human IgG in serum andinfected with 2×10⁷ CFU of USA300 by intravenous injection. Treatmentwas initiated 1 day after infection with buffer only control (PBS), 60mg/Kg of beta-WTA AAC (136 AAC) or 60 mg/Kg of alpha-WTA AAC (155 AAC).The mice were sacrificed on day 4 post infection, and the total numberof surviving bacteria in kidneys (2 kidneys pooled, FIG. 21) and heart(FIG. 22) was determined by plating. Treatment with the beta-WTA AACresulted in a 100,000 fold reduction in bacterial load in the kidneycompared to mice treated with the vehicle control. Treatment with thealpha-WTA AAC resulted in an average 9,000 fold reduction in bacterialload in the kidney.

To date, it remains uncertain why the currently available antibioticsare often ineffective at killing intracellular stores of bacteria.Antibiotics could fail because they do not reach sufficientconcentrations inside cells, either because they do not enter thephagolysosomal compartment where intracellular stores of bacteriareside, or because they may be subject to the activity of efflux pumpsthat remove the antibiotic from mammalian cells. Antibiotics may bedamaged by harsh conditions found inside the phagolysosome including lowpH, reducing agents and oxidizing agents that are released specificallyto kill the phagocytosed bacterium. Alternatively, antibiotics may failbecause the bacteria up regulate defense mechanisms or fail to divideinside the phagolysosome and are therefore rendered transientlyinsensitive to antibiotics. The relative importance of these mechanismsof antibiotic resistance will differ for different pathogens and foreach antibiotic. The antibiotic component of our AAC, pipBOR anddimethyl-pipBOR are indeed more potent than rifampicin at killingintracellular MRSA when tested as free antibiotics. The linkage of theseantibiotics to an antibody provides a real dose-dependent increase inefficacy that is apparent in vivo (FIG. 9C). In this case, improvedefficacy of the AAC over antibiotic alone is likely due to a combinationof its ability to opsonize bacteria and to improved pharmacokinetics ofAAC. Most free antibiotics are rapidly cleared in vivo and requirerepeated dosing with high concentrations of antibiotic to maintainsufficient antibiotic concentrations in serum. In contrast, AAC havelong half-lives in serum due to the antibody portion of the molecule.Since AAC release the antibiotic only after binding to S. aureus andbeing transported along with the bacterium into the confined space ofthe phagolysosome, they concentrate small doses of antibioticspecifically in a niche where most antibiotics fail. Therefore, inaddition to targeting protected reservoirs of intracellular bacteria,AAC may facilitate the use of more potent antibiotics that may prove tootoxic for use as a single agent by limiting the release of theantibiotic to where it is most needed.

Methods of Treating and Preventing Infections with Antibody-AntibioticConjugates

The AAC of the invention are useful as antimicrobial agents effectiveagainst a number of human and veterinary Gram positive bacteria,including the Staphylococci, for example S. aureus, S. saprophyticus andS. simulans; Listeria, for example Listeria monocytogenes; Enterococci,for example E. faecalis; Streptococci, for example S. pneumoniae;Clostridium, for example C. difficile.

Persistent bacteremia can result from internalization into host cells.While not entirely understood, internalized pathogens are able to escapeimmune recognition by surviving inside host cells. Such organismsinclude S. aureus, Salmonella (e.g., S. typi, S. choreraesuis and S.enteritidis), Legionella (e.g., L. pneumophila), Listeria (e.g., L.monocytogenes), Brucella (e.g., B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis),Chlamydia (C. pneumoniea, C. trachomati), Rickettsia spp., Shigella(e.g., S. flexneri), and mycobacteria.

Following entry into the bloodstream, S. aureus can cause metastaticinfection in almost any organ. Secondary infections occur in aboutone-third of cases before the start of therapy (Fowler et al., (2003)Arch. Intern. Med. 163:2066-2072), and even in 10% of patients after thestart of therapy (Khatib et al., (2006) Scand. J. Infect. Dis.,38:7-14). Hallmarks of infections are large reservoirs of pus, tissuedestruction, and the formation of abcesses (all of which contain largequantities of neutrophils). While only about 5% of patients developcomplications if the bacteremia is extinguished within 48 hours, thelevels rises to 40%, if bacteraemia persists beyond three days.

While S. aureus is generally considered to be an extracellular pathogenthat secretes toxins, evidence exists that it can survive insideendothelial cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and osteoclasts(Alexander et al, (2001) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 56:361-366;Garzoni et al, (2009) Trends Microbiol. 17:59-65). Neutrophils andmacrophages are key components of the host innate immune response tobacterial infection. These cells internalize S. aureus by phagocytosis,which may be enhanced by antibody, complement, or host lectins such asmannose binding protein, which can bind simultaneously to pathogen andneutrophils, macrophages, and other professional phagocytes. Aspreviously mentioned, S. aureus not only survives in the lysosomalenvironment, but may actually exploit it as a mechanism for developingpersistence in the host.

The antibody-antibiotic conjugates (AAC) of the invention havesignificant therapeutic advantages for treating intracellular pathogens,including those residing in phagolysosomes. In one embodiment, thepathogen is internalized into leukocyte cells, and the intracellularcomponent is a phagolysosome. In an intact AAC, the antibody variableregion binds to a cell surface antigen on the bacteria (opsonization).Not to be limited by any one theory, in one mechanism, by the antibodycomponent of the AAC binding to the bacterial cell surface, phagocytesare attracted to the bacterium. The Fc portion of the antibody binds toan Fc receptor on the phagocyte, facilitating phagocytosis. After theAAC-bacteria complex is phagocytosed, upon fusing to lysosome, the AAClinker is cleaved by exposure to phagolysosomal enzymes, releasing anactive antibiotic. Due to the confined space and relatively high localAbx concentration (about 10⁴ per bacterium), the result is that thephagolysosome no longer supports the survival of the intracellularpathogen (FIG. 5). Because the AAC is essentially an inactive prodrug,the therapeutic index of the antibiotic can be extended relative to thefree (unconjugated) form. The antibody provides pathogen specifictargeting, while the cleavable linker is cleaved under conditionsspecific to the intracellular location of the pathogen. The effect canbe both directly on the opsonized pathogen as well as other pathogensthat are co-localized in the phagolysosome. In a specific aspect, thepathogen is S. aureus.

Antibiotic tolerance is the ability of a disease-causing pathogen toresist killing by antibiotics and other antimicrobials and ismechanistically distinct from multidrug resistance (Lewis K (2007).“Persister cells, dormancy and infectious disease”. Nature ReviewsMicrobiology 5 (1): 48-56. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1557). Rather, this formof tolerance is caused by a small sub-population of microbial cellscalled persisters (Bigger J W (14 Oct. 1944). “Treatment ofstaphylococcal infections with penicillin by intermittentsterilization”. Lancet 244 (6320): 497-500). These cells are notmultidrug resistant in the classical sense, but rather are dormant cellsthat are tolerant to antibiotic treatment that can kill theirgenetically identical siblings. This antibiotic tolerance is induced bya non- or extremely slow dividing physiological state. Whenantimicrobial treatment fails to eradicate these persister cells, theybecome a reservoir for recurring chronic infections. Theantibody-antibiotic conjugates of the invention possess a uniqueproperty to kill these persister cells and suppress the emergence ofmultidrug tolerant bacterial populations.

In another embodiment, the AAC of the invention may be used to treatinfection regardless of the intracellular compartment in which thepathogen survives.

In another embodiment, AACs could also be used to target bacteria inplanktonic or biofilm form (example: S. aureus, K. pneumonia, E. coli,A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae) by antibody-mediatedopsonization, leading to internalization by professional phagocytes.When the phagosome fuses with a lysosome, sufficiently highconcentrations of free antibiotic will be released from the AAC in theacidic or proteolytic environment of the phagolysosome to kill thephagocytosed pathogen.

Methods of treating infection with antibody-antibiotic conjugates (AAC)of the invention include treating bacterial lung infections, such as S.aureus pneumonia or tuberculosis infections, bacterial ocularinfections, such as trachoma and conjunctivitis, heart, brain or skininfections, infections of the gastrointestinal tract, such as travelers'diarrhea, osteomyelitis, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome(IBS), Crohn's disease, and IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) in general,bacterial meningitis, and abscesses in any organ, such as muscle, liver,meninges, or lung. The bacterial infections can be in other parts of thebody like the urinary tract, the bloodstream, a wound or a catheterinsertion site. The AACs of the invention are useful fordifficult-to-treat infections that involve biofilms, implants orsanctuary sites (e.g., osteomyelitis and prosthetic joint infections),and high mortality infections such as hospital acquired pneumonia andbacteremia. Vulnerable patient groups that can be treated to preventStaphylococcal aureus infection include hemodialysis patients,immune-compromised patients, patients in intensive care units, andcertain surgical patients.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of killing, treating,or preventing a microbial infection in an animal, preferably a mammal,and most preferably a human, that includes administering to the animalan AAC or pharmaceutical formulation of an AAC of the invention. Theinvention further features treating or preventing diseases associatedwith or which opportunistically result from such microbial infections.Such methods of treatment or prevention may include the oral, topical,intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous administration of acomposition of the invention. For example, prior to surgery or insertionof an IV catheter, in ICU care, in transplant medicine, with or postcancer chemotherapy, or other activities that bear a high risk ofinfection, the AAC of the invention may be administered to prevent theonset or spread of infection.

The bacterial infection may be caused by a bacteria with an active andinactive form, and the AAC is administered in an amount and for aduration sufficient to treat both the active and the inactive, latentform of the bacterial infection, which duration is longer than is neededto treat the active form of the bacterial infection.

Analysis of various Gram+ bacteria found WTA beta expressed on all S.aureus, including MRSA and MSSA strains, as well as non-aureus Staphstrains such as S. saprophyticus and S. simulans. WTA alpha(Alpha-GLcNAc ribitol WTA) is present on most, but not all S. aureus,and also present on Listeria monocytogenes. WTA is not present onGram-bacteria. Therefore one aspect of the invention is a method oftreating a patient infected with S. aureus or S. saprophyticus or S.simulans by administering a therapeutically effective amount of ananti-WTA beta-AAC of the invention. Another aspect of the invention is amethod of treating a patient infected with S. aureus or Listeriamonocytogenes by administering a therapeutically effective amount of ananti-WTA alpha-AAC of the invention. The invention also contemplates amethod of preventing infections by S. aureus or S. saprophyticus or S.simulans by administering a therapeutically effective amount of ananti-WTA beta-AAC of the invention in hospital settings such as surgery,burn patient, and organ transplantation.

The patient needing treatment for a bacterial infection as determined bya physician of skill in the art may have already been, but does not needto be diagnosed with the kind of bacteria that he/she is infected with.Since a patient with a bacterial infection can take a turn for the worsevery quickly, in a matter of hours, the patient upon admission into thehospital can be administered the anti-WTA-AACs of the invention alongwith one or more standard of care Abx such as vancomycin. When thediagnostic results become available and indicate the presence of, e.g.,S. aureus in the infection, the patient can continue with treatment withthe anti-WTA AAC. Therefore, in one embodiment of the method of treatinga bacterial infection or specifically a S. aureus infection, the patientis administered a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-WTA betaAAC.

In the methods of treatment or prevention of the present invention, anAAC of the invention can be administered as the sole therapeutic agentor in conjunction with other agents such as those described below. TheAACs of the invention show superiority to vancomycin in the treatment ofMRSA in pre-clinical models. Comparison of AC's to SOC can be measured;e.g., by a reduction in mortality rate.

The patient being treated would be assessed for responsiveness to theAAC treatment by a variety of measurable factors. Examples of signs andsymptoms that clinicians might use to assess improvement in theirpatients includes the following: normalization of the white blood cellcount if elevated at diagnosis, normalization of body temperature ifelevated (fever) at the time of diagnosis, clearance of blood cultures,visual improvement in wound including less erythema and drainage of pus,reduction in ventilator requirements such as requiring less oxygen orreduced rate of ventilation in a patient who is ventilated, coming offof the ventilator entirely if the patient is ventilated at the time ofdiagnosis, use of less medications to support a stable blood pressure ifthese medications were required at the time of diagnosis, normalizationof lab abnormalities that suggest end-organ failure such as elevatedcreatinine or liver function tests if they were abnormal at the time ofdiagnosis, and improvement in radiologic imaging (e.g. chest x-ray thatpreviously suggested pneumonia showing resolution). In a patient in theICU, these factors might be measured at least daily. Fever is monitoredclosely as is white blood cell count including absolute neutrophilcounts as well as evidence that a “left shift” (appearance of blastsindicating increased neutrophil production in response to an activeinfection) has resolved.

In the context of the present methods of treatment of the invention, apatient with a bacterial infection is considered to be treated if thereis significant measurable improvement as assessed by the physician ofskill in the art, in at least two or more of the preceding factorscompared to the values, signs or symptoms before or at the start oftreatment or at the time of diagnosis. In some embodiments, there ismeasurable improvement in 3, 4, 5, 6 or more of the aforementionedfactors. If some embodiments, the improvement in the measured factors isby at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 100% compared to the valuesbefore treatment. Typically, a patient can be considered completelytreated of the bacterial infection (e.g., S. aureus infection) if thepatient's measurable improvements include the following: i) repeat bloodor tissue cultures (typically several) that do not grow out the bacteriathat was originally identified; ii) fever is normalized; iii) WBC isnormalized; and iv) evidence that end-organ failure (lungs, liver,kidneys, vascular collapse) has resolved either fully or partially giventhe pre-existent co-morbidities that the patient had.

Dosing

In any of the foregoing aspects, in treating an infected patient, thedosage of an AAC is normally about 0.001 to 1000 mg/kg/day. In oneembodiment the patient with a bacterial infection is treated at an AACdose in the range of about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, typically about 5mg/kg to about 90 mg/kg, more specifically 10 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg. The AACmay be given daily (e.g., a single dose of 5 to 50 mg/kg/day) or lessfrequently (e.g., a single dose of 5, 12.5, or 25 mg/kg/week). One dosemay be split over 2 days, for example, 25 mg/kg on one day and 25 mg/kgthe next day. The patient can be administered a dose once every 3 days(q3D), once a week to every other week (qOW), for a duration of 1-8weeks. In one embodiment, the patient is administered an AAC of theinvention via IV once a week for 2-6 weeks with standard of care (SOC)to treat the bacterial infection such as a staph A infection. Treatmentlength would be dictated by the condition of the patient or the extentof the infection, e.g. a duration of 2 weeks for uncomplicatedbacteremia, or 6 weeks for bacteremia with endocarditis.

In one embodiment, an AAC administered at an initial dose of 2.5 to 100mg/kg for one to seven consecutive days, followed by a maintenance doseof 0.005 to 10 mg/kg once every one to seven days for one month.

Route of Administration

For treating the bacterial infections, the AACs of the invention can beadministered at any of the preceding dosages intravenously (i.v.) orsubcutaneously. In one embodiment, the WTA-AAC is administeredintravenously. In a specific embodiment, the WTA-AAC administered viai.v. is a WTA-beta AAC, more specifically, wherein the WTA-beta antibodyis one selected from the group of Abs with amino acid sequences asdisclosed in FIG. 14, FIG. 15A, FIG. 15B, FIG. 16A, and FIG. 16B.

Combination Therapy

An AAC may be administered in conjunction with one or more additional,e.g. second, therapeutic or prophylactic agents as appropriate asdetermined by the physician treating the patient.

In one embodiment, the second antibiotic administered in combinationwith the antibody-antibiotic conjugate compound of the invention isselected from the structural classes: (i) aminoglycosides; (ii)beta-lactams; (iii) macrolides/cyclic peptides; (iv) tetracyclines; (v)fluoroquinolines/fluoroquinolones; (vi) and oxazolidinones. See: Shaw,K. and Barbachyn, M. (2011) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1241:48-70; Sutcliffe,J. (2011) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1241:122-152.

In one embodiment, the second antibiotic administered in combinationwith the antibody-antibiotic conjugate compound of the invention isselected from clindamycin, novobiocin, retapamulin, daptomycin,GSK-2140944, CG-400549, sitafloxacin, teicoplanin, triclosan,napthyridone, radezolid, doxorubicin, ampicillin, vancomycin, imipenem,doripenem, gemcitabine, dalbavancin, and azithromycin.

Additional examples of these additional therapeutic or prophylacticagents are anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; e.g., detoprofen, diclofenac,diflunisal, etodolac, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin,ketoprofen, meclofenameate, mefenamic acid, meloxicam, nabumeone,naproxen sodium, oxaprozin, piroxicam, sulindac, tolmetin, celecoxib,rofecoxib, aspirin, choline salicylate, salsalte, and sodium andmagnesium salicylate) and steroids (e.g., cortisone, dexamethasone,hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, prednisone,triamcinolone)), antibacterial agents (e.g., azithromycin,clarithromycin, erythromycin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, amoxicillin,metronidazole, penicillin G, penicillin V, methicillin, oxacillin,cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin,ticarcillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, azlocillin, temocillin,cepalothin, cephapirin, cephradine, cephaloridine, cefazolin,cefamandole, cefuroxime, cephalexin, cefprozil, cefaclor, loracarbef,cefoxitin, cefmatozole, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone,cefoperazone, ceftazidime, cefixime, cefpodoxime, ceftibuten, cefdinir,cefpirome, cefepime, BAL5788, BAL9141, imipenem, ertapenem, meropenem,astreonam, clavulanate, sulbactam, tazobactam, streptomycin, neomycin,kanamycin, paromycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin,spectinomycin, sisomicin, dibekalin, isepamicin, tetracycline,chlortetracycline, demeclocycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline,methacycline, doxycycline, telithromycin, ABT-773, lincomycin,clindamycin, vancomycin, oritavancin, dalbavancin, teicoplanin,quinupristin and dalfopristin, sulphanilamide, para-aminobenzoic acid,sulfadiazine, sulfisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfathalidine,linezolid, nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid, norfloxacin, perfloxacin,enoxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, temafloxacin, lomefloxacin,fleroxacin, grepafloxacin, sparfloxacin, trovafloxacin, clinafloxacin,moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin, sitafloxacin, daptomycin, garenoxacin,ramoplanin, faropenem, polymyxin, tigecycline, AZD2563, ortrimethoprim), antibacterial antibodies including antibodies to the sameor different antigen from the AAC targeted Ag,

platelet aggregation inhibitors (e.g., abciximab, aspirin, cilostazol,clopidogrel, dipyridamole, eptifibatide, ticlopidine, or tirofiban),anticoagulants (e.g., dalteparin, danaparoid, enoxaparin, heparin,tinzaparin, or warfarin), antipyretics (e.g., acetaminophen), or lipidlowering agents (e.g., cholestyramine, colestipol, nicotinic acid,gemfibrozil, probucol, ezetimibe, or statins such as atorvastatin,rosuvastatin, lovastatin simvastatin, pravastatin, cerivastatin, andfluvastatin). In one embodiment the AAC of the invention is administeredin combination with standard of care (SOC) for S. aureus (includingmethicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive strains). MSSA isusually typically treated with nafcillin or oxacillin and MRSA istypically treated with vancomycin or cefazolin. These additional agentsmay be administered within 14 days, 7 days, 1 day, 12 hours, or 1 hourof administration of an AAC, or simultaneously therewith. The additionaltherapeutic agents may be present in the same or differentpharmaceutical compositions as an AAC. When present in differentpharmaceutical compositions, different routes of administration may beused. For example, an AAC may be administered intravenous orsubcutaneously, while a second agent may be administered orally.

Pharmaceutical Formulations

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositionscontaining the AAC, and to methods of treating a bacterial infectionusing the pharmaceutical compositions containing AAC. Such compositionsmay further comprise suitable excipients, such as pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipients (carriers) including buffers, acids, bases,sugars, diluents, preservatives and the like, which are well known inthe art and are described herein. The present methods and compositionsmay be used alone or in combinations with other conventions methodsand/or agents for treating infectious diseases.

In one aspect, the invention further provides pharmaceuticalformulations comprising at least one antibody of the invention and/or atleast one antibody-antibiotic conjugate (AAC) thereof. In someembodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises 1) an antibody ofthe invention and/or an AAC thereof, and 2) a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulationcomprises 1) an antibody of the invention and/or an AAC thereof, andoptionally, 2) at least one additional therapeutic agent.

Pharmaceutical formulations comprising an antibody or AAC of theinvention are prepared for storage by mixing the antibody or AAC havingthe desired degree of purity with optional physiologically acceptablecarriers, excipients or stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980)) in the form of aqueous solutions orlyophilized or other dried formulations. Acceptable carriers,excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages andconcentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate,histidine and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acidand methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammoniumchloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethoniumchloride); phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such asmethyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol;3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, orimmunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone;amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine,or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydratesincluding glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA;sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-formingcounter-ions such as sodium; metal complexes (e.g., Zn-proteincomplexes); and/or non-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN™, PLURONICS™ orpolyethylene glycol (PEG). Pharmaceutical formulations to be used for invivo administration are generally sterile, readily accomplished byfiltration through sterile filtration membranes.

Active ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsule prepared, forexample, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization,for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsule andpoly-(methylmethacrylate) microcapsule, respectively, in colloidal drugdelivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres,microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions.Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980).

Sustained-release preparations may be prepared. Suitable examples ofsustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solidhydrophobic polymers containing the antibody or AAC of the invention,which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, ormicrocapsule. Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters,hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), orpoly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919), copolymersof L-glutamic acid and γ ethyl-L-glutamate, non-degradableethylene-vinyl acetate, degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymerssuch as the LUPRON DEPOT™ (injectable microspheres composed of lacticacid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate), andpoly-D-(−)-3-hydroxybutyric acid. While polymers such as ethylene-vinylacetate and lactic acid-glycolic acid enable release of molecules forover 100 days, certain hydrogels release proteins for shorter timeperiods. When encapsulated antibodies or AAC remain in the body for along time, they may denature or aggregate as a result of exposure tomoisture at 37° C., resulting in a loss of biological activity andpossible changes in immunogenicity. Rational strategies can be devisedfor stabilization depending on the mechanism involved. For example, ifthe aggregation mechanism is discovered to be intermolecular S—S bondformation through thio-disulfide interchange, stabilization may beachieved by modifying sulfhydryl residues, lyophilizing from acidicsolutions, controlling moisture content, using appropriate additives,and developing specific polymer matrix compositions.

An antibody may be formulated in any suitable form for delivery to atarget cell/tissue. For example, antibodies may be formulated asliposomes, a small vesicle composed of various types of lipids,phospholipids and/or surfactant which is useful for delivery of a drugto a mammal. The components of the liposome are commonly arranged in abilayer formation, similar to the lipid arrangement of biologicalmembranes. Liposomes containing the antibody are prepared by methodsknown in the art, such as described in Epstein et al., (1985) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:3688; Hwang et al., (1980) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.USA 77:4030; U.S. Pat. No. 4,485,045; U.S. Pat. No. 4,544,545; WO97/38731; U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,556.

Particularly useful liposomes can be generated by the reverse phaseevaporation method with a lipid composition comprisingphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and PEG-derivatizedphosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE). Liposomes are extruded throughfilters of defined pore size to yield liposomes with the desireddiameter. Fab′ fragments of the antibody of the present invention can beconjugated to the liposomes as described in Martin et al., (1982) J.Biol. Chem. 257:286-288 via a disulfide interchange reaction. Achemotherapeutic agent is optionally contained within the liposome(Gabizon et al., (1989) J. National Cancer Inst. 81(19):1484).

Methods and Compositions for Diagnostics and Detection

In certain embodiments, any of the antibodies provided herein is usefulfor detecting the presence of MRSA in a biological sample. The term“detecting” as used herein encompasses quantitative or qualitativedetection. A “biological sample” comprises, e.g., blood, serum, plasma,tissue, sputum, aspirate, swab, etc.

In one embodiment, an anti-WTA antibody for use in a method of diagnosisor detection is provided. In a further aspect, a method of detecting thepresence of WTA in a biological sample is provided. In certainembodiments, the method comprises contacting the biological sample withan anti-WTA antibody as described herein under conditions permissive forbinding of the anti-WTA antibody to WTA, and detecting whether a complexis formed between the anti-WTA antibody and WTA in the biologicalsample. Such method may be an in vitro or in vivo method. In oneembodiment, an anti-MRSA antibody is used to select subjects eligiblefor therapy with an anti-MRSA antibody, e.g. where MRSA is a biomarkerfor selection of patients.

In one exemplary embodiment, an anti-WTA antibody is used in vivo todetect, e.g., by in vivo imaging, an MRSA-positive infection in asubject, e.g., for the purposes of diagnosing, prognosing, or stagingtreatment of an infection, determining the appropriate course oftherapy, or monitoring response of the infection to therapy. One methodknown in the art for in vivo detection is immuno-positron emissiontomography (immuno-PET), as described, e.g., in van Dongen et al.,(2007) The Oncologist 12:1379-1389 and Verel et al., (2003) J. Nucl.Med. 44:1271-1281. In such embodiments, a method is provided fordetecting an Staph-positive infection in a subject, the methodcomprising administering a labeled anti-Staph antibody to a subjecthaving or suspected of having an Staph-positive infection, and detectingthe labeled anti-Staph antibody in the subject, wherein detection of thelabeled anti-Staph antibody indicates a Staph-positive infection in thesubject. In certain of such embodiments, the labeled anti-Staph antibodycomprises an anti-Staph antibody conjugated to a positron emitter, suchas ⁶⁸Ga, ¹⁸F, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁸⁶Y, ⁸⁹Zr, and ¹²⁴I In a particular embodiment, thepositron emitter is ⁸⁹Zr.

In further embodiments, a method of diagnosis or detection comprisescontacting a first anti-Staph antibody immobilized to a substrate with abiological sample to be tested for the presence of Staph, exposing thesubstrate to a second anti-Staph antibody, and detecting whether thesecond anti-Staph antibody is bound to a complex between the firstanti-Staph antibody and Staph in the biological sample. A substrate maybe any supportive medium, e.g., glass, metal, ceramic, polymeric beads,slides, chips, and other substrates. In certain embodiments, abiological sample comprises a cell or tissue (e.g., biopsy material,including cancerous or potentially cancerous colorectal, endometrial,pancreatic or ovarian tissue). In certain embodiments, the first orsecond anti-Staph antibody is any of the antibodies described herein. Insuch embodiments, the second anti-WTA antibody may be anti-WTAantibodies S4497, S4462, S6978, S4487, or antibodies derived from themas described herein.

Exemplary disorders that may be diagnosed or detected according to anyof the above embodiments include MRSA-positive infection, using testsuch as immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization (ISH). In someembodiments, a Staph-positive infection is an infection that expressesStaph according to a reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay thatdetects Staph mRNA. In some embodiments, the RT-PCR is quantitativeRT-PCR (Francois P and Schrenzel J (2008). “Rapid Diagnosis and Typingof Staphylococcus aureus”. Staphylococcus: Molecular Genetics. CaisterAcademic Press; Mackay I M, ed. (2007)), and real time PCR (“Real-TimePCR in Microbiology: From Diagnosis to Characterization. CaisterAcademic Press).

In certain embodiments, labeled anti-wall teichoic acid (WTA) antibodiesare provided. Labels include, but are not limited to, labels or moietiesthat are detected directly (such as fluorescent, chromophoric,electron-dense, chemiluminescent, and radioactive labels), as well asmoieties, such as enzymes or ligands, that are detected indirectly,e.g., through an enzymatic reaction or molecular interaction. Exemplarylabels include, but are not limited to, the radioisotopes ³²P, ¹⁴C,¹²⁵I, ³H, and ¹³¹I, fluorophores such as rare earth chelates orfluorescein and its derivatives, rhodamine and its derivatives, dansyl,umbelliferone, luceriferases, e.g., firefly luciferase and bacterialluciferase (U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,456), luciferin,2,3-dihydrophthalazinediones, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkalinephosphatase, β-galactosidase, glucoamylase, lysozyme, saccharideoxidases, e.g., glucose oxidase, galactose oxidase, andglucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, heterocyclic oxidases such as uricaseand xanthine oxidase, coupled with an enzyme that employs hydrogenperoxide to oxidize a dye precursor such as HRP, lactoperoxidase, ormicroperoxidase, biotin/avidin, spin labels, bacteriophage labels,stable free radicals, and the like. In another embodiment, a label is apositron emitter. Positron emitters include but are not limited to ⁶⁸Ga,¹⁸F, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁸⁶Y, ⁷⁶Br, ⁸⁹Zr, and ¹²⁴I. In a particular embodiment, apositron emitter is ⁸⁹Zr.

Clinically, the symptoms of infections with MRSA are similar to those ofmethicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), and includeabscesses and cellulitis. Often, the abscesses are accompanied by anareas of central necrosis. Furuncles (boils) are also common,particularly in the context of a MRSA outbreak. Lesions may also bemisreported as a spider bite due the general redness which progresses toa necrotic center. Additionally, infections can appear as impetigo,folliculitis, deep-seated abscesses, pyomyositis, osteomyelitis,necrotizing fasciitis, staphycoccol toxic-shock syndrome, pneumonia andsepsis. Serious systemic infections are more common among persons with ahistory of injection drug use, diabetes or other immunocompromisingconditions.

Standard treatment options for MRSA infections include conservative,mechanical options such as: (i) warm soaks and compresses, (ii) incisionand drainage, and (iii) remove of foreign device (e.g., catheter)causing the infection. For more serious infections, especially thosedisplaying cellulitis, antibiotics (Abx) are prescribed. For mild tomoderate infections, antibiotics include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMX), clindamycin, doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline,rifampin, vancomycin, linezolid. Typically, a treatment regimen occursfor 5-10 with periotic reexamination and evaluation both during andafter the treatment period.

Additional treatment options include decolonization, especially in thesetting where a patient experiences recurring infection or where theyare in an environment where a MRSA outbreak is ongoing. Decolonizationis a procedure where the flora inhibiting the nares of the patient isremoved. This is done through topical application of 2% mupirocinointment applied generously within both nostrils for 5-10 days andtopical cleansing with chlorhexidine gluconate 4% for 5 days.

Articles of Manufacture

In another aspect of the invention, an article of manufacture containingmaterials useful for the treatment, prevention and/or diagnosis of thedisorders described above is provided. The article of manufacturecomprises a container and a label or package insert on or associatedwith the container. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles,vials, syringes, IV solution bags, etc. The containers may be formedfrom a variety of materials such as glass or plastic. The containerholds a composition which is by itself or combined with anothercomposition effective for treating, preventing and/or diagnosing thedisorder and may have a sterile access port (for example the containermay be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceableby a hypodermic injection needle). At least one active agent in thecomposition is an antibody or immunoconjugate of the invention. Thelabel or package insert indicates that the composition is used fortreating the condition of choice. Moreover, the article of manufacturemay comprise (a) a first container with a composition contained therein,wherein the composition comprises an antibody or immunoconjugate of theinvention; and (b) a second container with a composition containedtherein, wherein the composition comprises a further cytotoxic orotherwise therapeutic agent. The article of manufacture in thisembodiment of the invention may further comprise a package insertindicating that the compositions can be used to treat a particularcondition. Alternatively, or additionally, the article of manufacturemay further comprise a second (or third) container comprising apharmaceutically-acceptable buffer, such as bacteriostatic water forinjection (BWFI), phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution ordextrose solution. It may further include other materials desirable froma commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents,filters, needles, and syringes.

EXAMPLES

The following are examples of methods and compositions of the invention.It is understood that various other embodiments may be practiced, giventhe general description provided above.

Example 1 MC-Vc-PAB-Clindamycin 51

In a small vial, a 0.6 M solution ofN—((S)-1-((S)-1-(4-(chloromethyl)phenylamino)-1-oxo-5-ureidopentan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamide9 (0.027 mmol, 0.027 mmol, 1.0, 16 mg) in DMF was added to(2S,4R)—N-[(1S,2S)-2-chloro-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methylsulfanyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]propyl]-1-methyl-4-propyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide(Clindamycin, ChemPacific, Cat#33613, 1 equiv., 0.027 mmol, 1.0, 11 mg)in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 0.1 mL, 1 mmol, 50, 90 mg). The mixturewas stirred at 0° C. for 5 min and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (4 equiv.,0.11 mmol, 4.0, 14 mg) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred atthis temp to RT over 2 hours open to air and monitored over 2 days byLC/MS, then purified on HPLC under acidic conditions to giveMC-vc-PAB-clindamycin 51 in 27% yield. M/Z=979.8

Example 2 MC-Vc-PAB-Novobiocin 52

In a small vial,N—((S)-1-((S)-1-(4-(chloromethyl)phenylamino)-1-oxo-5-ureidopentan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamide9 (100 mass %) in N,N-dimethylformamide (100 μL, 1.28 mmol, 47, 94.4 mg)was cooled to 0° C. To this was added[(3R,4S,5R,6R)-5-hydroxy-6-[4-hydroxy-3-[[4-hydroxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)benzoyl]amino]-8-methyl-2-oxo-chromen-7-yl]oxy-3-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydropyran-4-yl]carbamate (Novobiocin, Sigma Aldrich, Cat#N1628-1G, 1 equiv., 0.027mmol, 1.0, 17 mg). The mixture was stirred 5 minutes, then potassiumcarbonate (15 equiv., 0.41 mmol, 15, 57 mg) was added and stirred in icebath for 3 hours. The pink mixture was diluted with DMF, filtered andthe collected filtrate was purified on HPLC under acidic conditions togive MC-vc-PAB-novobiocin 52 in 14% yield. FA.H₂O/MeCN. M/Z=1168.3

Example 3 MC-Vc-PAB-Retapamulin 53

Following the procedures to prepare 51,N—((S)-1-((S)-1-(4-(chloromethyl)phenylamino)-1-oxo-5-ureidopentan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamide9 and retapamulin (Chem Shuttle) were reacted to giveMC-vc-PAB-retapamulin 53 in 18% yield. M/Z=1072.93

Example 4 MC-Vc-PAB-Daptomycin 54

In a small vial,4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl4-nitrophenyl carbonate 6 (5 mg, 0.006777 mmol, 1.0 equiv., 5 mg) and(3S)-3-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-(decanoylamino)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-oxo-butanoyl]amino]-4-[[(3S,6 S,9 S,15 S,18R,21 S,24R,30S,31S)-3-[2-(2-aminophenyl)-2-oxo-ethyl]-24-(3-aminopropyl)-15,21-bis(carboxymethyl)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(1S)-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-18,31-dimethyl-2, 5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29-decaoxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28-nonazacyclohentriacont-30-yl]amino]-4-oxo-butanoicacid (daptomycin, Enzo Life Science, Cat# BML-A201-0020, 1 equiv.,0.006777 mmol, 1.00 equiv., 10.98 mg) were taken up in DMF (0.2 mL, 3mmol, 400 equiv., 200 mg). To this was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine(1.5 equiv., 0.01017 mmol, 1.500 equiv., 1.327 mg) followed by1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt, 0.3 equiv., 0.002033 mmol, 0.3000, 0.2775mg). The mixture was stirred at RT sealed for 4 hours then stirredovernight. The mixture was diluted with DMF, purified via HPLC underacidic condition FA.H₂O/MeCN to give 6.6 mg of MC-vc-PAB-daptomycin 54in 44% yield. M/Z=1622

Example 5 MC-Vc-PAB-(GSK-2140944) 55

GSK-2140944 was prepared according to: Miles et al (2011) Bioorganic &Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 21(24), 7489-7495. Following the proceduresto prepare 54,4—((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl4-nitrophenyl carbonate 6 and GSK-2140944 were reacted to formMC-vc-PAB-GSK-2140944 55 in 25% yield. M/Z=1098.18

Example 6 MC-Vc-PAB-(CG-400549) 56

Following the procedures to prepare 54,4—((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl4-nitrophenyl carbonate 6 and CG-400549 (Astatech Inc, Cat#52038) werereacted to form MC-vc-PAB-(CG-400549) 56 in 7.6% yield. M/Z=939.5

Example 7 MC-Vc-PAB-Sitafloxacin 57

In a small vial,4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl4-nitrophenyl carbonate 6 (35 mg, 0.04744 mmol, 1.000, 35 mg) and7-[(7S)-7-amino-5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-yl]-8-chloro-6-fluoro-1-[(1R,2S)-2-fluorocyclopropyl]-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylicacid (sitafloxacin, Toronto Research Chemicals Cat#S490920, 1 equiv.,0.04744 mmol, 1.000, 19.44 mg) were taken up in DMF (0.2 mL, 3 mmol, 50,200 mg). To this was added N,N-diisopropylethylaminde (1.5 equiv.,0.07116 mmol, 1.500, 9.290 mg). The reaction stirred for 3 hours,diluted with DMF, and purified directly on the HPLC under acidiccondition FA.H₂O/MeCN to give MC-vc-PAB-sitafloxacin 57 23% yield. M/Z:1008.6

Example 8 MC-Vc-PAB-Teicoplanin 58

Following the procedures to prepare 54,4—((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl4-nitrophenyl carbonate 6 and teicoplanin (teichomycin, Cat#15152) werereacted to form MC-vc-PAB-teicoplanin 58 in 13% yield. M/Z=1240.6

Example 9 MC-Vc-PAB-Triclosan 59

Following the procedures to prepare 52,N—((S)-1-((S)-1-(4-(chloromethyl)phenylamino)-1-oxo-5-ureidopentan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-6-(2,5-dioxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamide 9 and triclosan (Irgasan,Sigma Aldrich, Cat#72779-5G-F) were reacted to give MC-vc-PAB-triclosanin 7.5% yield. M/Z=845.5

Example 10 MC-Vc-PAB-Napthyridone 60

Following the procedures to prepare 57,4—((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl4-nitrophenyl carbonate 6 and the napthyridone above,(E)-N-methyl-N-((3-methylbenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3-(2-oxo-2,4-dihydro-1H-spiro[[1,8]naphthyridine-3,4′-piperidine]-6-yl)acrylamide,prepared by the methods in Sampson et al (2009) Bioorganic & MedicinalChemistry Letters, 19(18):5355-5358, were reacted to giveMC-vc-PAB-napthyridone 60 in 50% yield. M/Z=1105.26

Example 11 MC-Vc-PAB-Radezolid 61

Following the procedures to prepare 54,4—((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl4-nitrophenyl carbonate 6 and radezolid 72070-119 ChemExpress,Cat#HY-14800 to give MC-vc-PAB-radezolid 61 in 8.5% yield. M/Z=1037.6

Example 12 MC-Vc-PAB-Doxorubicin 62

Following the procedures to prepare 57,4—((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl4-nitrophenyl carbonate 6 and doxorubicin (Alexis Corporation,Cat#380-042-M025) were reacted to give MC-vc-PAB-doxorubicin 62 in 36%yield. M/Z=1142.6

Example 13 MC-Vc-PAB-Ampicillin 63

Following the procedures to prepare 57,4—((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl4-nitrophenyl carbonate 6 and ampicillin (Sigma Aldrich, Cat# A8351-5G)were reacted to give MC-vc-PAB-ampicillin 63 in 52% yield. M/Z=948.5

Example 14 MC-Vc-PAB-Vancomycin 64

Following the procedures to prepare 57,4—((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl4-nitrophenyl carbonate 6 and vancomycin (Sigma Aldrich, Cat. #861987)were reacted to give MC-vc-PAB-vancomycin 64. M/Z=2047.87

Example 15 MC-VC-PAB-Imipenem 65

Following the procedures to prepare 54,4—((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl4-nitrophenyl carbonate 6 and imipenem (Astatech Inc, Cat#64221-86-9)were reacted to form MC-VC-PAB-imipenem 65 in 6.5% yield. M/Z=899.5

Example 16 MC-VC-PAB-Doripenem 66

Following the procedures to prepare 54,4—((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl4-nitrophenyl carbonate 6 and doripenem (AK Scientific, Cat#P521) werereacted to form MC-VC-PAB-doripenem 66 in 23% yield. M/Z=1019.7

Example 17a MC-Vc-PAB-pipBOR

Rifamycin-type antibiotic moieties can be synthesized by methodsanalogous to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,610,919; U.S. Pat. No.4,983,602; U.S. Pat. No. 5,786,349; U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,522; U.S. Pat.No. 4,859,661; U.S. Pat. No. 7,271,165; US 2011/0178001; Seligson, etal., (2001) Anti-Cancer Drugs 12:305-13; Chem. Pharm. Bull., (1993)41:148, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference).

2-Nitrobenzene-1,3-diol 1 was hydrogenated under hydrogen gas withpalladium/carbon catalyst in ethanol solvent to give2-aminobenzene-1,3-diol 2, isolated as the hydrochloride salt.Mono-protection of 2 with tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride andtriethylamine in dichloromethane/tetrahydrofuran gave2-amino-3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)phenol 3. Rifamycin S (ChemShuttleInc., Fremont, Calif., U.S. Pat. No. 7,342,011; U.S. Pat. No. 7,271,165;U.S. Pat. No. 7,547,692) was reacted with 3 by oxidative condensationwith manganese oxide or oxygen gas in toluene at room temperature togive TBS-protected benzoxazino rifamycin 4. Reaction of 4 withpiperidin-4-amine and manganese oxide gave piperidyl benzoxazinorifamycin (pipBOR) 5.

Piperidyl benzoxazino rifamycin (pipBOR) 5 (0.02 mmol) and4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl4-nitrophenyl carbonate 6 (0.02 mmol) were mixed in DMF (0.4 ml) at roomtemperature (RT). To this was added 2.5 equivalents ofN,N′-diisopropylethylamine. The solution was stirred from one to about12 hours and was monitored by LC/MS. Upon completion, the solution wasdiluted with DMF and injected onto HPLC and purified under acidicconditions to give MC-vc-PAB-pipBOR. M/Z=1498.9. Yield 40%

Example 17b MC-Vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR

Reaction of N,N-dimethylpiperidin-4-amine with TBS-protected benzoxazinorifamycin 4 gave dimethylpiperidyl benzoxazino rifamycin (dimethylpipBOR) 7.

6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-N—((S)-1-((S)-1-(4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylamino)-1-oxo-5-ureidopentan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)hexanamide8, prepared according to procedures in WO 2012113847; U.S. Pat. No.7,659,241; U.S. Pat. No. 7,498,298; US 20090111756; US 20090018086; U.S.Pat. No. 6,214,345; Dubowchik et al (2002) Bioconjugate Chem.13(4):855-869 (1.009 g, 1.762 mmol, 1.000, 1009 mg) was taken up inN,N-dimethylformamide (6 mL, 77 mmol, 44, 5700 mg). To this was added asolution of thionyl chloride (1.1 equiv., 1.938 mmol, 1.100, 231 mg) indichloromethane (DCM) (1 mL, 15.44 mmol, 8.765, 1325 mg) in portionsdropwise (½ was added over 1 hour, stirred one hour at room temperature(RT) then added the other half over another hour). The solution remaineda yellow color. Another 0.6 eq of thionyl chloride was added as asolution in 0.5 mL DCM dropwise, carefully. The reaction remained yellowand was stirred sealed overnight at RT. The reaction was monitored byLC/MS to 88% product benzyl chloride 9. Another 0.22 eq of thionylchloride was added dropwise as a solution in 0.3 mL DCM. When thereaction approached 92% benzyl chloride 9, the reaction was bubbled withN₂. The concentration was reduced from 0.3 M to 0.6 M. The productN—((S)-1-((S)-1-(4-(chloromethyl)phenylamino)-1-oxo-5-ureidopentan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamide9 was stored in the refrigerator as a 0.6 M solution and used as is. M/Z591.3, 92% yield.

In a flask,N—((S)-1-((S)-1-(4-(chloromethyl)phenylamino)-1-oxo-5-ureidopentan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamide9, (0.9 mmol) was cooled to 0° C. and dimethylpiperidyl benzoxazinorifamycin (dimethyl pipBOR) 7 (0.75 g, 0.81 mmol, 0.46, 750 mg) wasadded. The mixture was diluted with another 1.5 mL of DMF to reach 0.3M. Stirred open to air for 30 minutes. N,N-diisopropylethylamine (3.5mmol, 3.5 mmol, 2.0, 460 mg) was added and the reaction stirredovernight open to air. Over the course of 4 days, 4 additions of 0.2 eqN,N-diisopropylethylamine base was added while the reaction stirred opento air, until the reaction appeared to stop progressing. The reactionwas diluted with DMF and purified on HPLC (20-60% ACN/FA.H₂O) in severalbatches to give MC-vc-PAB-dimethylpipBOR. M/Z=1482.8 yield: 32%

Example 18 Intracellular MRSA are Protected from Antibiotics

This example provides evidence that MRSA can survive intracellularly invivo. In an infection, intracellular MRSA are protected from and able tosurvive antibiotic treatment (such as SOC Vancomycin), enabling transferof infection from one cell to another.

MIC Determinations for Extracellular Bacteria:

The MIC for extracellular bacteria was determined by preparing serial2-fold dilutions of the antibiotic in Tryptic Soy Broth. Dilutions ofthe antibiotic were made in quadruplicate in 96 well culture dishes.MRSA (NRS384 strain of USA300) was taken from an exponentially growingculture and diluted to 1×10⁴ CFU/mL. Bacteria was cultured in thepresence of antibiotic for 18-24 hours with shaking at 37° C. andbacterial growth was determined by reading the Optical Density (OD) at630 nM. The MIC was determined to be the dose of antibiotic thatinhibited bacterial growth by >90%.

MIC Determinations for Intracellular Bacteria:

Intracellular MIC was determined on bacteria that were sequesteredinside mouse peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages were plated in 24 wellculture dishes at a density of 4×10⁵ cells/mL and infected with MRSA(NRS384 strain of USA300) at a ratio of 10-20 bacteria per macrophage.Macrophage cultures were maintained in growth media supplemented with 50μg/mL of gentamycin to inhibit the growth of extracellular bacteria andtest antibiotics were added to the growth media 1 day after infection.The survival of intracellular bacteria was assessed 24 hours afteraddition of the antibiotics. Macrophages were lysed with Hanks BufferedSaline Solution supplemented with 0.1% Bovine Serum Albumin and 0.1%Triton-X, and serial dilutions of the lysate were made in PhosphateBuffered Saline solution containing 0.05% Tween-20. The number ofsurviving intracellular bacteria was determined by plating on TrypticSoy Agar plates with 5% defibrinated sheep blood.

Isolation of peritoneal macrophages: Peritoneal macrophages wereisolated from the peritoneum of 6-8 week old Balb/c mice (Charles RiverLaboratories, Hollister, Calif.). To increase the yield of macrophages,mice were pre-treated by intraperitoneal injection with 1 mL ofthioglycolate media (Becton Dickinson). The thioglycolate media wasprepared at a concentration of 4% in water, sterilized by autoclaving,and aged for 20 days to 6 months prior to use. Peritoneal macrophageswere harvested 4 days post treatment with thioglycolate by washing theperitoneal cavity with cold phosphate buffered saline. Macrophages wereplated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10%Fetal Calf Serum, and 10 mM HEPES, without antibiotics, at a density of4×10⁵ cells/well in 24 well culture dishes. Macrophages were culturedover night to permit adherence to the plate. This assay was alsoutilized to test intracellular killing in non-phagocytic cell types.MG63 (CRL-1427) and A549 (CCL185) cell lines were obtained from ATCC andmaintained in RPMI 1640 tissue culture media supplemented with 10 mMHepes and 10% Fetal Calf Serum (RPMI-10). HUVEC cells were obtained fromLonza and maintained in EGM Endothelial Cell Complete Media (Lonza,Walkersville, Md.).

Infection of Macrophages with Opsonized MRSA:

The USA300 strain of MRSA (NRS384) was obtained from the NARSArepository (Chantilly, Va.). Some experiments utilized the Newman strainof S. aureus (ATCC25904). In all experiments bacteria were cultured inTryptic Soy Broth. To assess intracellular killing with AAC, USA300 wastaken from an exponentially growing culture and washed in HB (HanksBalanced Salt Solution supplemented with 10 mM HEPES and 0.1% BovineSerum Albumin). AAC or antibodies were diluted in HB and incubated withthe bacteria for 1 hour to permit antibody binding to the bacteria(opsonization), and the opsonized bacteria were used to infectmacrophages at a ratio of 10-20 bacteria per macrophage (4×10⁶ bacteriain 250 μL of HB per well. Macrophages were pre-washed with serum freeDMEM media immediately before infection, and infected by incubation at37° C. in a humidified tissue culture incubator with 5% CO₂ to permitphagocytosis of the bacteria. After 2 hours, the infection mix wasremoved and replaced with normal growth media (DMEM supplemented with10% Fetal Calf Serum, 10 mM HEPES and gentamycin was added at 50 μg/mlto prevent growth of extracellular bacteria. At the end of theincubation period, the macrophages were washed with serum free media,and the cells were lysed in HB supplemented with 0.1% triton-X (lysesthe macrophages without damaging the intracellular bacteria). In someexperiments viability of the macrophages was assessed at the end of theculture period by detecting release of cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) into the culture supernatant using an LDH Cytotoxicity DetectionKit (Product 11644793001, Roche Diagnostics Corp, Indianapolis, Ind.).Supernatants were collected and analyzed immediately according to themanufacturer's instructions. Serial dilutions of the lysate were made inphosphate buffered saline solution supplemented with 0.05% Tween-20 (todisrupt aggregates of bacteria) and the total number of survivingintracellular bacteria was determined by plating on Tryptic Soy Agarwith 5% defibrinated sheep blood.

Generation of MRSA Infected Peritoneal Cells.

6-8 week old female A/J mice (JAX™ Mice, Jackson Laboratories) wereinfected with 1×10⁸ CFU of the NRS384 strain of USA300 by peritonealinjection. The peritoneal wash was harvested 1 day post infection, andthe infected peritoneal cells were treated with 50 μg/mL of lysostaphindiluted in Hepes Buffer supplemented with 0.1% BSA (HB buffer) for 30minutes at 37° C. Peritoneal cells were then washed 2× in ice cold HBbuffer. The peritoneal cells were diluted to 1×10⁶ cells/mL in RPMI 1640tissue culture media supplemented with 10 mM Hepes and 10% Fetal CalfSerum, and 5 μg/mL vancomycin. Free MRSA from the primary infection wasstored overnight at 4° C. in Phosphate Buffered Saline Solution as acontrol for extracellular bacteria that were not subject to neutrophilkilling.

Transfer of Infection from Peritoneal Cells to Osteoblasts:

MG63 osteoblast cell line was obtained from ATCC (CRL-1427) andmaintained in RPMI 1640 tissue culture media supplemented with 10 mMHepes and 10% Fetal Calf Serum (RPMI-10). Osteoblasts were plated in 24well tissue culture plates and cultured to obtain a confluent layer. Onthe day of the experiment, the osteoblasts were washed once in RPMI(without supplements). MRSA or infected peritoneal cells were diluted incomplete RPMI-10 and vancomycin was added at 5 μg/mL immediately priorto infection. Peritoneal cells were added to the osteoblasts at 1×10⁶peritoneal cells/mL. A sample of the cells was lysed with 0.1% triton-xto determine the actual concentration of live intracellular bacteria atthe time of infection. The actual titer for all infections wasdetermined by plating serial dilutions of the bacteria on Tryptic SoyAgar with 5% defibrinated sheep blood.

MG63 osteoblasts were plated in 4 well glass chamber slides and culturedin RPMI 1640 tissue culture media supplemented with 10 mM Hepes and 10%Fetal Calf Serum (RPMI-10) until they formed confluent layers. On theday of infection, the wells were washed with serum free media andinfected with a suspension of infected peritoneal cells, or with theUSA300 strain of MRSA diluted in complete RPMI-10 supplemented with 5μg/mL of vancomycin. One day after infection, the cells were washed withphosphate buffered saline (PBS) and fixed for 30 minutes at roomtemperature in PBS with 2% paraformaldehyde. Wells were washed 3× in PBSand permeabilized with PBS with 0.1% saponin for 30 minutes at roomtemperature.

Immunofluorescence:

MRSA was identified by staining with 20 μg/mL of rabbit anti-Staph20920, (abeam, Cambridge, Mass.) followed by anti-rabbit Rhodamine(Jackson ImmunoResearch, 711-026-152). The cell membranes of peritonealcells were stained with Cholera-Toxin-Beta subunit-biotin (Invitrogen,Carlsbad, Calif.) followed by streptavidin Cy5 (BD Biosciences San Jose,Calif.). Binding of the cholera-toxin to peritoneal cells was confirmedby co-staining with anti-CD11b Alexa 488 clone M1/70 (BD biosciences).Slides were mounted with Prolong Gold with DAPI (Invitrogen, CarlsbadCalif.). Slides were viewed using a Leica SPE confocal microscope.Images were collected as a series of Z-stacks and compiled to generatethe maximum projection images shown.

Survival of S. aureus inside mammalian cells provides a viable nichethat permits persistent infection in the presence of antibiotic therapy.S. aureus is able to infect and survive inside a number of mammaliancell types including neutrophils, macrophages, osteoblasts andepithelial cells (Garzoni, C. and W. L. Kelley (2009) Trends Microbiol17 (2): 59-65). To test directly whether intracellular MRSA is protectedfrom antibiotics, a number of clinically approved antibiotics werecompared for their ability to kill extracellular MRSA cultured instandard bacterial growth media, with their ability to killintracellular MRSA that is sequestered inside murine macrophages (Table1). Murine peritoneal macrophages were selected for this analysisbecause these cells represent a genetically normal primary cell typethat is a natural component of the innate immune response to S. aureus.Analysis confirmed that these cells are easily infected and cultured invitro. MRSA is able to survive intracellularly for up to six days afterinfection of the macrophages (Kubica, M., K. Guzik, et al. (2008) PLoSOne 3(1): e1409). To test the intracellular effect of antibiotics,macrophages were infected with MRSA, and cultured in the presence ofgentamycin, an antibiotic that is known to be inactive inside thephagolysosome due to poor cellular uptake of the antibiotic (Vaudaux, P.and F. A. Waldvogel (1979) Antimicrob Agents Chemother 16(6): 743-749).Test antibiotics were added to the culture media (in addition togentamycin) one day after infection at a range of doses chosen toinclude the clinically achievable serum levels (shown as serum Cmax inTable 1). This analysis revealed that although extracellular MRSA ishighly susceptible to growth inhibition by low doses of vancomycin,daptomycin, linezolid or rifampicin in liquid culture, all fourantibiotics failed to kill the same strain of intracellular MRSA thatwas sequestered inside macrophages. Remarkably, even rifampicin, whichis reported to be one of the best antibiotics for treating intracellularinfections such at tuberculosis yielded minimal killing of intracellularMRSA over the time and dose range of the experiment.

TABLE 1 Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of several antibioticsExtracellular Intracellular MRSA MRSA Serum Cmax Antibiotics (Abx) MIC(μg/mL) MIC (μg/mL) (μg/mL) Vancomycin 1 >100 10-40 Daptomycin 4 >100 80Linezolid 0.3 >20 10 Rifampicin 0.004 >20 20

The above data confirmed that intracellular bacteria are protected fromantibiotics during the time that they are sequestered inside cells.However, MRSA is not thought to be a true intracellular pathogen in thatit is not able to infect neighboring cells by direct cell to celltransfer, and the majority of infected cells will eventually lysereleasing the intracellular bacteria. Therefore, it remained possiblethat the intracellular pool, once released, would inevitably be exposedto extracellular antibiotics at least transiently, even if the bacteriawere immediately taken up by neighboring cells. Uptake of free MRSA bymacrophages requires between 15 and 90 minutes (data not shown),suggesting that if the bacteria were able to resist a brief exposure toantibiotic, it could remain protected in the intracellular niche bymoving sequentially from a dying cell to a new host. To determinewhether a brief exposure to antibiotics was sufficient to kill MRSA,vancomycin, the current standard of care treatment for MRSA infections,and rifampin were tested. MRSA was taken from an actively growingculture and diluted to 1×10⁶ bacteria/mL in normal growth media.Antibiotics were added at two doses representing between 2× and 10× theexpected minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Samples were removed atvarious times between 30 minutes and 5 hours, and the antibiotic wasremoved by centrifugation and dilution. The total number of survivingbacteria in the culture was determined by plating on agar plates.

FIG. 1 shows comparison of the time of kill for vancomycin (vanco) andrifampicin (Rifa) on actively dividing MRSA. MRSA was cultured for 5hours in TSB media in the presence of antibiotics. At the indicatedtimes, a sample of the culture was taken and the antibiotic was removedby centrifugation. The total number of surviving bacteria was determinedat each time point by plating. Vancomycin was tested at 2 μg/mL (opensquare) and 20 μg/mL (closed square). Rifampin was tested at 0.02 μg/mL(open triangle) and 0.2 μg/mL (closed triangle). These data (FIG. 1)revealed that although both antibiotics were able to inhibit bacterialgrowth effectively, and by 5 hours a 100 fold loss in viable bacteriawas observed, the bacteria were killed gradually over the 5 hourobservation period and 90% of the bacteria remained viable during thefirst two hours of antibiotic treatment permitting ample time forpotential uptake by host cells.

Intracellular stores of MRSA were assayed for transfer of infection to apermissive intracellular niche in the presence of vancomycin. S. aureuscan survive inside osteoblasts, and intracellular stores of S. aureushave been observed in patients with osteomyelitis, a condition wherechronic infection with S. aureus is known to be recalcitrant toantibiotic treatment (Thwaites and Gant, (2011) Nature ReviewsMicrobiology 9:215-222; Ellington et al., (2006) J. Orthopedic Research24(1): 87-93; Bosse et al., (2005) J. Bone and Joint Surgery, 87(6):1343-1347). An in vitro assay was developed using an osteoblast cellline MG63 since this cell line was reported to be capable of harboringintracellular S. aureus (Garzoni and Kelly, (2008) Trends inMicrobiology). This assay confirmed that MRSA is able to infect MG63cells, and viable intracellular bacteria can be recovered from infectedMG63 cells for up to 6 days in vitro. To generate a pool ofintracellular S. aureus, peritoneal cells were harvested from mice thatwere infected by peritoneal injection of MRSA (FIG. 2).

FIG. 2 shows transfer of infection from infected peritoneal cells toosteoblasts in the presence of vancomycin. To generate a pool ofintracellular S. aureus, A/J mice were infected with MRSA and infectedperitoneal cells were taken 1 day post infection. Similarly generatedcells have been reported to harbor viable intracellular bacteria thatare capable of transferring infection in an in vivo infection model(Gresham et al J Immunol 2000; 164:3713-3722). The infected peritonealcells consisted of a mixture of primarily neutrophils and macrophagesand approximately 10% of the cells harbored intracellular bacteria. Thecells were treated with lysostaphin to remove extracellular bacteria andsuspended in growth media supplemented with 5 μg/mL of vancomycin. Asample of the peritoneal cells used for infection was lysed to determinethe precise dose of viable intracellular MRSA at the time infection wasinitiated, and various doses of free extracellular MRSA were alsodiluted into media with vancomycin for comparison. The peritoneal cells(intracellular MRSA), or free bacteria (extracellular MRSA) were thenadded to monolayers of MG63 osteoblasts and cultured for 4 hours (openbars) or 1 day (closed bars). The total number of survivingintracellular bacteria in each well was determined by plating celllysates on agar plates. Intracellular MRSA were protected fromvancomycin compared to the extracellular MRSA controls. Wells infectedwith 3×10⁴ intracellular bacteria yielded 8,750 intracellular bacteria(about 1 third of the infection dose) 1 day after infection, whereas theextracellular bacteria were efficiently killed as infection with asimilar dose of free MRSA yielded only 375 intracellular bacteria 1 daypost infection

Immunofluorescence microscopy also demonstrated transfer of infectionfrom peritoneal cells to MG63 osteoblasts. Peritoneal cells werecollected from mice 1 day after infection with MRSA and treated withlysostaphin to kill any contaminating extracellular bacteria(Intracellular Infection). Free MRSA was taken from an actively growingculture and washed in PBS (Extracellular Infection). The total number ofviable bacteria in the Intracellular and Extracellular infection sampleswas confirmed by plating on agar plates and both samples were suspendedin media supplemented with 5 μg/mL of vancomycin immediately beforeaddition to confluent layers of MG63 osteoblasts cultured in chamberslides. One day after infection, the MG63 cells were washed to removeextracellular bacteria, permeabilized and stained with an anti-S. aureusantibody to identify intracellular MRSA and cholera toxin which boundpreferentially to the peritoneal cell membranes. All of the cell nucleiwere co-stained with DAPI to confirm that the MG63 monolayer was intact.Slides were examined by confocal microscopy.

Wells infected with peritoneal cells contained a confluent monolayer ofMG63 cells and peritoneal macrophages were clearly visible on top of theMG63 layer. Many of the macrophages were clearly infected with MRSAwhich is visible as clusters of red bacteria in the single color imageor white particles in the overlay image. In addition to the infectedmacrophages, clear examples were observed of bacteria that wereassociated only with the MG63 cells. These infected MG63 cells were alsovisible in wells that were infected with the free MRSA. Infection withfree MRSA required a much higher inoculum to achieve a similar level ofinfection in the MG63 cells.

The above results established that both free MRSA and intracellular MRSAare able to survive and infect MG63 cells in the presence of vancomycin.Bacteria from the intracellular infection were significantly better ableto survive vancomycin treatment than the free bacteria under theseconditions. Infection with 3×10⁴ CFU of intracellular bacteria yielded8.7×10³ CFUs of intracellular bacteria 1 day post infection. Infectionwith a similar dose of free bacteria yielded only 375 intracellularbacteria 1 day post infection, indicating that the intracellularbacteria were up to 20 times better able to survive than the freebacteria. All infection doses recovered more intracellular bacteria(between 1.5 to 6 times) when wells were harvested 1 day vs. 4 hoursafter infection. Since vancomycin completely inhibits growth when addedto free MRSA (FIG. 1), these data suggest that the MRSA must havereplicated at some time despite constant exposure to vancomycin in theculture media. Although MRSA does not replicate significantly insidemurine macrophages (our unpublished observations), there is considerableevidence that S. aureus is able to escape the phagolysosome andreplicate within the cytoplasm of non-phagocytic cell types (Jarry, T.M., G. Memmi, et al. (2008) Cell Microbiol 10(9): 1801-1814). Togetherthe above observations suggest that even under constant exposure tovancomycin, free MRSA can infect cells and intracellular MRSA cantransfer from one cell to another cell. These observations reveal apotential mechanism for maintenance and even spread of infection thatcould occur in the presence of constant antibiotic therapy.

Example 19 In Vivo Infection Models

Peritonitis Model. 7 week old female A/J mice (Jackson Laboratories)were infected by peritoneal injection with 5×10⁷ CFU of USA300. Micewere sacrificed 2 days post infection and the peritoneum was flushedwith 5 mL of cold phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS). Kidneys werehomogenized in 5 mL of PBS as described below for the intravenousinfection model. Peritoneal washes were centrifuged for 5 minutes at1,000 rpm at 4° C. in a table top centrifuge. The supernatant wascollected as the extracellular bacteria and the cell pellet containingperitoneal cells was collected as the intracellular fraction. The cellswere treated with 50 μg/mL of lysostaphin for 20 minutes at 37° C. tokill contaminating extracellular bacteria. Peritoneal cells were washed3× in ice cold PBS to remove the lysostaphin prior to analysis. To countthe number of intracellular CFUs, peritoneal cells were lysed in HB(Hanks Balanced Salt Solution supplemented with 10 mM HEPES and 0.1%Bovine Serum Albumin) with 0.1% Triton-X, and serial dilutions of thelysate were made in PBS with 0.05% tween-20.

Intravenous Infection Model:

7 week old female mice were used for all in vivo experiments andinfections were carried out by intravenous injection into the tail vein.A/J mice (Jackson Lab) were infected with a dose of 2×10⁶ CFU. Balb/cmice (Charles River Laboratories, Hollister, Calif.) were infected witha dose of 2×10⁷ CFU. For studies examining the role of competing humanIgG (SCID IVIG model), CB17.SCID mice (Charles River Laboratories,Hollister, Calif.) were reconstituted with GammaGard S/D IGIV ImmuneGlobulin (ASD Healthcare, Brooks Ky.) using a dosing regimen optimizedto achieve constant serum levels of >10 mg/mL of human IgG. IGIV wasadministered with an initial intravenous dose of 30 mg per mousefollowed by a second dose of 15 mg/mouse by intraperitoneal injectionafter 6 hours, and subsequent daily dosing of 15 mg per mouse byintraperitoneal injection for 3 consecutive days. Mice were infected 4hours after the first dose of IGIV with 2×10⁷ CFU of MRSA diluted inphosphate buffered saline by intravenous injection. Mice that receivedvancomycin were treated with twice daily intraperitoneal injections of100 mg/Kg of vancomycin starting between 6 and 24 hours post infectionfor the duration of the study. Experimental therapeutics (AAC, anti-MRSAantibodies or free dimethyl-pipBOR antibiotic) were diluted in phosphatebuffered saline and administered with a single intravenous injection 30minutes to 24 hours after infection. All mice were sacrificed on day 4after infection, and kidneys were harvested in 5 mL of phosphatebuffered saline. The tissue samples were homogenized using a GentleMACSDissociator™ (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, Calif.). The total number ofbacteria recovered per mouse (2 kidneys) was determined by platingserial dilutions of the tissue homogenate in PBS 0.05% Tween on TrypticSoy Agar with 5% defibrinated sheep blood.

Example 20 Cathepsin/Caspase Release Assay

To quantify the amount of active antibiotic released from AAC followingtreatment with cathepsin B, AAC were diluted to 200 μg/mL in cathepsinbuffer (20 mM Sodium Acetate, 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM L-Cysteine). See: page 863of Dubowchik et al (2002) Bioconj. Chem. 13:855-869, incorporated byreference for the purposes of this assay. Cathepsin B (from bovinespleen, SIGMA C7800) was added at 10 μg/mL and the samples wereincubated for 1 hour at 37° C. As a control, AAC were incubated inbuffer alone. The reaction was stopped by addition of 10 volumes ofbacterial growth media, Tryptic Soy Broth pH 7.4 (TSB). To estimate thetotal release of active antibiotic, serial dilutions of the reactionmixture were made in quadruplicate in TSB in 96 well plates and theUSA300 strain of S. aureus was added to each well at a final density of2×10³ CFU/mL. The cultures were incubated over night at 3° C. withshaking and bacterial growth was measured by reading absorbance at 630nM using a plate reader.

Example 21 Production of Anti-WTA Antibodies

Antibody Generation, Screening and Selection

Abbreviations: MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus); MSSA(methicillin-sensitive S. aureus); VISA (vancomycinintermediate-resistant S. aureus); LTA (lipoteichoic acid); TSB (trypticsoy broth); CWP (cell wall preparation).

Human IgG antibodies were cloned from peripheral B cells from patientspost S. aureus infection using the Symplex™ technology (Symphogen,Lyngby, Denmark) which conserves the cognate pairing of antibody heavyand light chains, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,283,294: “Method forcloning cognate antibodies”; Meijer P J et al. Journal of MolecularBiology 358:764-772 (2006); and Lantto J et al. J Virol. 85(4):1820-33(February 2011) Plasma and memory cells were used as genetic source forthe recombinant full-length IgG repertoires. Individual antibody cloneswere expressed by transfection of mammalian cells as described in MeijerP J, et al. Methods in Molecular Biology 525: 261-277, xiv. (2009).Supernatants containing full length IgG1 antibodies were harvested afterseven days and used to screen for antigen binding by indirect ELISA inthe primary screening. A library of mAbs showing positive ELISA bindingto cell wall preparations from USA300 or Wood46 strain S. aureus strainswas generated. Antibodies were subsequently produced in 200-ml transienttransfections and purified with Protein A chromatography (MabSelectSuRe, GE Life Sciences, Piscataway, N.J.) for further testing. Forlarger scale antibody production, antibodies were produced in CHO cells.Vectors coding for VL and VH were transfected into CHO cells and IgG waspurified from cell culture media by protein A affinity chromatography.

TABLE 4 List of antigens used to isolate the Abs Ag DescriptionVendor/source Coating WTA Wall Teichoic acid (WTA) from Meridian Life 2μg/ml Staph A. Cat. No. R84500 Sciences (2 mg/vial), lot no. 5E14909.PGN Peptidoglycan from Sigma 2 μg/ml Staphylococcus aureus; Cat no.77140, lot no. 1396845 CW #1 CW USA300, RPMI, iron deplet. Genentech,100x Stationary Phase CW #3 CW USA300, TSB. Stationary Genentech, 500XPhase CW #4 CW Wood46, TSB. Stationary Genentech, 500X PhaseCW#1 and CW#3 were Always Mixed Together in Making the ELISA Coating:

FIGS. 6A and 6B summarize the primary screening of the antibodies by theELISA. All (except 4569) were isolated when screened with the USA300Cell wall prep mixture (iron depleted:TSB in a 96:4 ratio). All GlcNAcbeta (except 6259), SDR, and PGN (4479) mAbs were also positive for PGNand WTA in primary screening. All GlcNAc alpha were found exclusively byscreening for binding with the USA300 CW mix. The 4569 (LTA specific)was found by screening on Wood46 CWP.

Selection of Anti-WTA mAb from the Library Using Ex Vivo Flow Cytometry

Each mAb within this library was queried for three selection criteria:(1) relative intensity of mAb binding to the MRSA surface, as anindication of high expression of the corresponding cognate antigen whichwould favor high antibiotic delivery; (2) consistency of mAb binding toMRSA isolated from a diverse variety of infected tissues, as anindication of the stable expression of the cognate antigen at the MRSAsurface in vivo during infections; and (3) mAb binding capacity to apanel of clinical S. aureus strains, as an indication of conservation ofexpression of the cognate surface antigen. To this end, flow cytometrywas used to test all of these pre-selected culture supernatants of mAbsin the library for reactivity with S. aureus from a variety of infectedtissues and from different S. aureus strains.

All mAbs in the library were analyzed for their capacity to bind MRSAfrom infected kidneys, spleens, livers, and lungs from mice which wereinfected with MRSA USA300; and within hearts or kidneys from rabbitswhich were infected with USA300 COL in a rabbit endocarditis model. Thecapacity of an antibody to recognize S. aureus from a variety ofinfected tissues raises the probability of the therapeutic antibodybeing active in a wide variety of different clinical infections with S.aureus. Bacteria were analyzed immediately upon harvest of the organs,i.e. without subculture, to prevent phenotypic changes caused by invitro culture conditions. We had previously observed that several S.aureus surface antigens, while being expressed during in vitro culture,lost expression in infected tissues. Antibodies directed against suchantigens would be unlikely to be useful to treat infections. During theanalysis of this mAb library on a variety of infected tissues, thisobservation was confirmed for a significant number of antibodies, whichshowed significant binding to S. aureus bacteria from culture, butabsence of binding to bacteria from all of the tested infected tissues.Some antibodies bound to bacteria from some but not all tested infectedtissues. Therefore, in the present invention, we selected for antibodiesthat were able to recognize bacteria from all infection conditionstested. Parameters that were assessed were (1) relative fluorescenceintensity, as a measure for antigen abundance; (2) number of organs thatstained positive, as a measure for stability of antigen expression; and(3) mAb binding capacity to a panel of clinical S. aureus strains as anindication of conservation of expression of the cognate surface antigen.Fluorescence intensity of the test antibodies was determined as relativeto an isotype control antibody that was directed against a non-relevantantigen, for example, IgG1 mAb anti-herpes virus gD:5237 (referencedbelow). mAbs against WTA-beta not only showed the highest antigenabundance, but also showed very consistent binding to MRSA from allinfected tissues tested and specified above.

Additionally, we tested the capacity of these mAbs to bind to thefollowing S. aureus strains, which were cultured in vitro in TSB: USA300(MRSA), USA400 (MRSA), COL (MRSA), MRSA252 (MRSA), Wood46 (MSSA),Rosenbach (MSSA), Newman (MSSA), and Mu50 (VISA). Anti-WTA beta mAbs butnot anti-WTA alpha mAbs were found to be reactive with all of thesestrains. The analysis of binding to different strains indicated that WTAbeta is more conserved than WTA alpha and therefore more suitable forAAC.

Example 22 Characterization of Antibodies with Specificity Against WallTeichoic Acids on S. aureus

i) Confirming WTA Specificity of Abs

Cell wall preparations (CWP) from a S. aureus wild-type (WT) strain anda S. aureus mutant strain lacking WTA (ΔTagO; WTA-null strain) weregenerated by incubating 40 mg of pelleted S. aureus strains with 1 mL of10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) supplemented with 30% raffinose, 100 μg/ml oflysostaphin (Cell Sciences, Canton, Mass.), and EDTA-free proteaseinhibitor cocktail (Roche, Pleasanton, Calif.), for 30 min at 37° C. Thelysates were centrifuged at 11,600×g for 5 min, and the supernatantscontaining cell wall components were collected. For immunoblot analysis,proteins were separated on a 4-12% Tris-glycine gel, and transferred toa nitrocellulose membrane (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), followed byblotting with indicated test antibodies against WTA, or with controlantibodies against PGN and LTA.

Immunoblotting shows that the antibodies against WTA bind to WT cellwall preparations from WT S. aureus but not to cell wall preparationsfrom the ΔTagO strain lacking WTA. The control antibodies againstpeptidoglycan (anti-PGN) and lipoteichoic acid (anti-LTA) bind well toboth cell wall preparations. These data indicate the specificity of thetest antibodies against WTA.

ii) Flow Cytometry to Determine Extent of mAb Binding to MRSA Surface

Surface antigen expression on whole bacteria from infected tissues wasanalyzed by flow cytometry using the following protocol. For antibodystaining of bacteria from infected mouse tissues, 6-8 weeks old femaleC57Bl/6 mice (Charles River, Wilmington, Mass.) were injectedintravenously with 10⁸ CFU of log phase-grown USA300 in PBS. Mouseorgans were harvested two days after infection. Rabbit infectiveendocarditis (IE) was established as previously described in Tattevin P.et al. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 54: 610-613 (2010). Rabbitswere injected intravenously with 5×10⁷ CFU of stationary-phase grownMRSA strain COL, and heart vegetations were harvested eighteen hourslater. Treatment with 30 mg/kg of vancomycin was given intravenouslyb.i.d. 18 h after infection with 7×10⁷ CFU stationary-phase

To lyse mouse or rabbit cells, tissues were homogenized in M tubes(Miltenyi, Auburn, Calif.) using a gentleMACS cell dissociator(Miltenyi), followed by incubation for 10 min at RT in PBS containing0.1% Triton-X100 (Thermo), 10 μg/mL of DNAseI (Roche) and Complete Miniprotease inhibitor cocktail (Roche). The suspensions were passed througha 40 micron filter (BD), and washed with HBSS without phenol redsupplemented with 0.1% IgG free BSA (Sigma) and 10 mM Hepes, pH 7.4 (HBbuffer). The bacterial suspensions were next incubated with 300 μg/mL ofrabbit IgG (Sigma) in HB buffer for 1 h at room temperature (RT) toblock nonspecific IgG binding. Bacteria were stained with 2 μg/mL ofprimary antibodies, including rF1 or isotype control IgG1 mAbanti-herpes virus gD:5237 (Nakamura G R et al., J Virol 67: 6179-6191(1993)), and next with fluorescent anti-human IgG secondary antibodies(Jackson Immunoresearch, West Grove, Pa.). In order to enabledifferentiation of bacteria from mouse or rabbit organ debris, a doublestaining was performed using 20 μg/mL mouse mAb 702 anti-S. aureuspeptidoglycan (Abcam, Cambridge, Mass.) and a fluorochrome-labeledanti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (Jackson Immunoresearch). The bacteriawere washed and analyzed by FACSCalibur (BD). During flow cytometryanalysis, bacteria were gated for positive staining with mAb 702 fromdouble fluorescence plots.

iii) Measuring Binding Affinity to S. aureus and Antigen Density on MRSA

Table 5 shows equilibrium binding analysis of MRSA antibodies binding toNewman-ΔSPA strain, and the antigen density on the bacterium.

TABLE 5 MRSA Antigen Density, Antibody Specificity Avg. K_(D), nM (n =2) avg. Sites/Bacterium 4497 b-WTA 2.5 50,000 4462 b-WTA 3.1 43,000 6263b-WTA 1.4 22,000 6297 b-WTA 1.1 21,000 7578 a-WTA 0.4 16,000 rF1SDR-glyco 0.3 1600The K_(D) and antigen density were derived using a radioligand cellbinding assay under the following assay conditions: DMEM+2.5% mouseserum binding buffer; solution binding for 2 hrs at room temperature(RT); and using 400,000 bacteria/well.Ab 6263 is 6078-like in that the sequences are very similar. Except forthe second residue (R vs G) in CDR H3, all the other L and H chain CDRsequences are identical.

Example 23 Engineering WTA Antibody Mutants

In summary, the VH region of each of the anti-WTA beta Abs were clonedout and linked to human H chain gamma1 constant region and the VL linkedto kappa constant region to express the Abs as IgG1. In some cases, thewild type sequences were altered at certain positions to improve theantibody stability as described below. Cysteine engineered Abs(ThioMabs) were then generated.

i. Linking Variable Regions to Constant Regions

The VH regions of the WTA beta Abs identified from the human antibodylibrary above were linked to human γ1 constant regions to make fulllength IgG1 Abs. The L chains were kappa L chains.

ii. Generating Stability Variants

The WTA Abs in FIG. 14, (see in particular, FIGS. 15A, 15B, 16A, 16B)were engineered to improve certain properties (such as to avoiddeamidation, aspartic acid isomerization, oxidation or N-linkedglycosylation) and tested for retention of antigen binding as well aschemical stability after amino acid replacements. Single stranded DNA ofclones encoding the heavy or light chains was purified from M13KO7 phageparticles grown in E. coli CJ236 cells using a QIAprep Spin M13 kit(Qiagen). 5′ phosphorylated synthetic oligonucleotides with thesequences:

(SEQ ID NO. 152) 5′- CCCAGACTGCACCAGCTGGATCTCTGAATGTACTCCAGTTGC- 3′(SEQ ID NO. 153) 5′- CCAGACTGCACCAGCTGCACCTCTGAATGTACTCCAGTTGC- 3′(SEQ ID NO. 154) 5′CCAGGGTTCCCTGGCCCCAWTMGTCAAGTCCASCWKCACCTCTTGCACAGTAATAGACAGC- 3′; and (SEQ ID NO. 155)5′- CCTGGCCCCAGTCGTCAAGTCCTCCTTCACCTCTTGCACAGTAATA GACAGC- 3′(IUPAC codes)were used to mutate the clones encoding the antibodies byoligonucleotide-directed site mutagenesis as described by site-specificmutagenesis following the methodology as described in Kunkel, T. A.(1985). Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypicselection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 82(2):488-492. Mutagenized DNA was used to transform E. coli XL1-Blue cells(Agilent Technologies) and plated on Luria Broth plates containing 50μg/ml Carbenicillin. Colonies were individually picked and grown inliquid Luria Broth media containing 50 μg/ml Carbenicillin. Miniprep DNAwas sequenced to confirm the presence of mutations.

For Ab 6078, the second amino acid in the VH, met (met-2), is prone tooxidation. Therefore met-2 was mutated to Ile or Val, to avoid oxidationof the residue. Since the alteration of met-2 may affect bindingaffinity, the mutants were tested for binding to Staph CWP by ELISA.

CDR H3 “DG” or “DD” motifs were found to be prone to transform toiso-aspartic acid. Ab 4497 contains DG in CDR H3 positions 96 and 97(see FIG. 18B) and was altered for stability. CDR H3 is generallycritical for antigen binding so several mutants were tested for antigenbinding and chemical stability (see FIG. 18A). Mutant D96E (v8) retainsbinding to antigen, similar to wild-type Ab 4497 (FIG. 18A; FIG. 18B),and is stable and does not form iso-aspartic acid.

Staph CWP ELISA

For analysis of S6078 antibody mutants, a lysostaphin-treated USA300ΔSPA S. aureus cell well preparation (WT) consisting of 1×10⁹ bugs/mlwas diluted 1/100 in 0.05 Sodium Carbonate pH 9.6 and coated onto384-well ELISA plates (Nunc; Neptune, N.J.) during an overnightincubation at 4° C. Plates were washed with PBS plus 0.05% Tween-20 andblocked during a 2-hour incubation with PBS plus 0.5% bovine serumalbumin (BSA). This and all subsequent incubations were performed atroom temperature with gentle agitation. Antibody samples were diluted insample/standard dilution buffer (PBS, 0.5% BSA, 0.05% Tween 20, 0.25%CHAPS, 5 mM EDTA, 0.35M NaCl, 15 ppm Proclin, (pH 7.4)), added to washedplates, and incubated for 1.5-2 hours. Plate-bound anti-S. aureusantibodies were detected during a 1-hour incubation with aperoxidase-conjugated goat anti-human IgG(Fcγ) F(ab′)2 fragment (JacksonImmunoResearch; West Grove, Pa.) diluted to 40 ng/mL in assay buffer(PBS, 0.5% BSA, 15 ppm Proclin, 0.05% Tween 20). After a final wash,tetramethyl benzidine (KPL, Gaithersburg, Md.) was added, color wasdeveloped for 5-10 minutes, and the reaction was stopped with 1 Mphosphoric acid. The plates were read at 450 nm with a 620 nm referenceusing a microplate reader.

iii. Generating Cys Engineered Mutants (ThioMabs)

Full length ThioMabs were produced by introducing a Cysteine into the Hchain (in CH1) or the L chain (Cκ) at a predetermined position aspreviously taught and described below to allow conjugation of theantibody to a linker-antibiotic intermediate. H and L chains are thencloned into separate plasmids and the H and L encoding plasmidscotransfected into 293 cells where they are expressed and assembled intointact Abs. Both H and L chains can also be cloned into the sameexpression plasmid. IgG1 are made having 2 engineered Cys, one in eachof H chains, or 2 engineered Cys, one in each of the L chains, or acombination of 2 H and 2L chains each with engineered Cys (HCLCCys) weregenerated by expressing the desired combination of cys mutant chains andwild type chains.

FIGS. 15A and 15B shows the 6078 WT and mutant Abs with the combinationof HC Cys and LC Cys. The 6078 mutants were also tested for theirability to bind protein A deficient USA300 Staph A from overnightculture. From the results from the FACS analysis as shown in FIG. 19,the mutant Abs bound USA300 similarly to the 6078 WT (unaltered)antibody; the amino acid alterations in the mutants did not impairbinding to Staph A. gD is a non-specific negative control antibody.

Example 24 Preparation of Anti-WTA Antibody-Antibiotic Conjugates

Anti-wall teichoic acid antibody-antibiotic conjugates (AAC) in Table 3were prepared by conjugating an anti-WTA antibody to a linker-antibioticintermediate, including those from Table 2. Prior to conjugation, theanti-WTA antibodies were partially reduced with TCEP using standardmethods in accordance with the methodology described in

WO 2004/010957, the teachings of which are incorporated by reference forthis purpose. The partially reduced antibodies were conjugated to thelinker-antibiotic intermediate using standard methods in accordance withthe methodology described, e.g., in Doronina et al. (2003) Nat.Biotechnol. 21:778-784 and US 2005/0238649 A1. Briefly, the partiallyreduced antibodies were combined with the linker-antibiotic intermediateto allow conjugation of the linker-antibiotic intermediate to reducedcysteine residues of the antibody. The conjugation reactions werequenched, and the AAC were purified. The antibiotic load (average numberof antibiotic moieties per antibody) for each AAC was determined and wasbetween about 1 to about 2 for the anti-wall teichoic acid antibodiesengineered with a single cysteine mutant site.

Reduction/Oxidation of ThioMabs for Conjugation:

Full length, cysteine engineered monoclonal antibodies(ThioMabs—Junutula, et al., 2008b Nature Biotech., 26(8):925-932; Dornanet al (2009) Blood 114(13):2721-2729; U.S. Pat. No. 7,521,541; U.S. Pat.No. 7,723,485; WO2009/052249, Shen et al (2012) Nature Biotech.,30(2):184-191; Junutula et al (2008) Jour of Immun. Methods 332:41-52)expressed in CHO cells were reduced with about a 20-40 fold excess ofTCEP (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride or DTT(dithiothreitol) in 50 mM Tris pH 7.5 with 2 mM EDTA for 3 hrs at 37° C.or overnight at room temperature. (Getz et al (1999) Anal. Biochem. Vol273:73-80; Soltec Ventures, Beverly, Mass.). The reduced ThioMab wasdiluted and loaded onto a HiTrap S column in 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 5,and eluted with PBS containing 0.3M sodium chloride. Alternatively, theantibody was acidified by addition of 1/20^(th) volume of 10% aceticacid, diluted with 10 mM succinate pH 5, loaded onto the column and thenwashed with 10 column volumes of succinate buffer. The column was elutedwith 50 mM Tris pH7.5, 2 mM EDTA.

The eluted reduced ThioMab was treated with 15 fold molar excess of DHAA(dehydroascorbic acid) or 200 nM aqueous copper sulfate (CuSO₄).Oxidation of the interchain disulfide bonds was complete in about threehours or more. Ambient air oxidation was also effective. The re-oxidizedantibody was dialyzed into 20 mM sodium succinate pH 5, 150 mM NaCl, 2mM EDTA and stored frozen at −20° C.

Conjugation of Thio-Mabs with Linker-Antibiotic Intermediates:

The deblocked, reoxidized, thio-antibodies (ThioMab) were reacted with6-8 fold molar excess of the linker-antibiotic intermediate of Table 2(from a DMSO stock at a concentration of 20 mM) in 50 mM Tris, pH 8,until the reaction was complete (16-24 hours) as determined by LC-MSanalysis of the reaction mixture.

The crude antibody-antibiotic conjugates (AAC) were then applied to acation exchange column after dilution with 20 mM sodium succinate, pH 5.The column was washed with at least 10 column volumes of 20 mM sodiumsuccinate, pH 5, and the antibody was eluted with PBS. The AAC wereformulated into 20 mM His/acetate, pH 5, with 240 mM sucrose using gelfiltration columns. AAC were characterized by UV spectroscopy todetermine protein concentration, analytical SEC (size-exclusionchromatography) for aggregation analysis and LC-MS before and aftertreatment with Lysine C endopeptidase.

Size exclusion chromatography was performed using a Shodex KW802.5column in 0.2M potassium phosphate pH 6.2 with 0.25 mM potassiumchloride and 15% IPA at a flow rate of 0.75 ml/min. Aggregation state ofAAC was determined by integration of eluted peak area absorbance at 280nm.

LC-MS analysis was performed using an Agilent QTOF 6520 ESI instrument.As an example, an AAC generated using this chemistry was treated with1:500 w/w Endoproteinase Lys C (Promega) in Tris, pH 7.5, for 30 min at37° C. The resulting cleavage fragments were loaded onto a 1000A, 8 umPLRP-S column heated to 80° C. and eluted with a gradient of 30% B to40% B in 5 minutes. Mobile phase A: H₂O with 0.05% TFA. Mobile phase B:acetonitrile with 0.04% TFA. Flow rate: 0.5 ml/min. Protein elution wasmonitored by UV absorbance detection at 280 nm prior to electrosprayionization and MS analysis. Chromatographic resolution of theunconjugated Fc fragment, residual unconjugated Fab and antibiotic-Fabwas usually achieved. The obtained m/z spectra were deconvoluted usingMass Hunter™ software (Agilent Technologies) to calculate the mass ofthe antibody fragments.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail byway of illustration and example for purposes of clarity ofunderstanding, the descriptions and examples should not be construed aslimiting the scope of the invention. The disclosures of all patent andscientific literature cited herein are expressly incorporated in theirentirety by reference.

We claim:
 1. An antibiotic-linker intermediate selected from:X-L-abx wherein: abx is an antibiotic moiety selected from clindamycin,novobiocin, retapamulin, daptomycin, GSK-2140944, CG-400549,sitafloxacin, teicoplanin, triclosan, napthyridone, radezolid,doxorubicin, ampicillin, vancomycin, imipenem, doripenem, gemcitabine,dalbavancin, and azithromycin; L is a peptide linker covalently attachedto abx and X, and having the formula:-Str-Pep-Y- where Str is a stretcher unit selected from the groupconsisting of C₁-C₁₀ alkylene-, —C₃-C₈ carbocyclo, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl)-,-arylene-, alkylene-arylene-, -arylene-C₁-C₁₀ alkylene-, —C₁-C₁₀alkylene-(C₃-C₈ carbocyclo)-, —(C₃-C₈ carbocyclo)-C₁-C₁₀ alkylene-,—C₃-C₈ heterocyclo-, —C₁-C₁₀ alkylene-(C₃-C₈ heterocyclo)-, —(C₃-C₈heterocyclo)-C₁-C₁₀ alkylene-, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(r)—, and —(CH₂CH₂O)_(r)—CH₂—;and r is an integer ranging from 1 to 10; Pep is a peptide of two totwelve amino acid residues, Y is a spacer unit; and X is a reactivefunctional group selected from maleimide, thiol, amino, bromide,bromoacetamido, iodoacetamido, p-toluenesulfonate, iodide, hydroxyl,carboxyl, pyridyl disulfide, and N-hydroxysuccinimide.
 2. Theantibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 1 wherein X is


3. The antibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 1 wherein Str is—(CH₂)₅—.
 4. The antibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 1 wherein Pepcomprises two to twelve amino acid residues independently selected fromglycine, alanine, phenylalanine, lysine, arginine, valine, andcitrulline.
 5. The antibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 4 wherein Pepis valine-citrulline.
 6. The antibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 1wherein Y comprises para-aminobenzyl or para-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl. 7.The antibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 1 wherein L is the peptidelinker having the formula:

where AA1 and AA2 are independently selected from an amino acid sidechain.
 8. The antibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 7 wherein theamino acid side chain is independently selected from H, —CH₃,—CH₂(C₆H₅), —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂NHC(NH)NH₂, —CHCH(CH₃)CH₃, and—CH₂CH₂CH₂NHC(O)NH₂.
 9. The antibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 7wherein L is the peptide linker having the formula:


10. The antibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 1 wherein L is thepeptide linker having the formula:


11. The antibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 10 wherein L is thepeptide linker having the formula:


12. The antibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 11 wherein L is thepeptide linker having the formula:


13. The antibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 12 wherein L is thepeptide linker having the formula:


14. The antibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 10 wherein L is thepeptide linker having the formula:


15. The antibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 14 wherein L is thepeptide linker having the formula:


16. The antibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 10 wherein L is thepeptide linker having the formula:

where R⁷ is independently selected from H and C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.
 17. Theantibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 1 selected from:


18. A process for making an antibody-antibiotic conjugate compoundcomprising conjugating an anti-wall teichoic acid (WTA) monoclonalantibody to an antibiotic-linker intermediate, wherein the anti-wallteichoic acid (WTA) monoclonal antibody binds to Staphylococcus aureus,and comprises: CDR L1 comprising the sequence of KSSQSIFRTSRNKNLLN (SEQID NO:99), CDR L2 comprising the sequence of WASTRKS (SEQ ID NO:100),and CDR L3 comprising the sequence of QQYFSPPYT (SEQ ID NO:101); and theVH of the anti-WTA monoclonal antibody comprises CDR H1 comprising thesequence of SFWMH (SEQ ID NO:102), CDR H2 comprising the sequence ofFTNNEGTTTAYADSVRG (SEQ ID NO:103), and CDR H3 comprising the sequence ofGEGGLDD (SEQ ID NO:118) or GDGGLDD (SEQ ID NO:104); and theantibiotic-linker intermediate has the formula:X-L-abx wherein: abx is an antibiotic moiety selected from clindamycin,novobiocin, retapamulin, daptomycin, GSK-2140944, CG-400549,sitafloxacin, teicoplanin, triclosan, napthyridone, radezolid,doxorubicin, ampicillin, vancomycin, imipenem, doripenem, gemcitabine,dalbavancin, and azithromycin; L is a peptide linker covalently attachedto abx and X, and having the formula:-Str-Pep-Y- where Str is a stretcher unit selected from the groupconsisting of C₁-C₁₀ alkylene-, —C₃-C₈ carbocyclo, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl)-,-arylene-, alkylene-arylene-, -arylene-C₁-C₁₀ alkylene-, —C₁-C₁₀alkylene-(C₃-C₈ carbocyclo)-, —(C₃-C₈ carbocyclo)-C₁-C₁₀ alkylene-,—C₃-C₈ heterocyclo-, —C₁-C₁₀ alkylene-(C₃-C₈ heterocyclo)-, —(C₃-C₈heterocyclo)-C₁-C₁₀ alkylene-, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(r)—, and —(CH₂CH₂O)_(r)—CH₂—;and r is an integer ranging from 1 to 10; Pep is a peptide of two totwelve amino acid residues, Y is a spacer unit; and X is a reactivefunctional group selected from maleimide, thiol, amino, bromide,bromoacetamido, iodoacetamido, p-toluenesulfonate, iodide, hydroxyl,carboxyl, pyridyl disulfide, and N-hydroxysuccinimide.
 19. The processof claim 18 wherein the anti-wall teichoic acid (WTA) monoclonalantibody is a cysteine engineered antibody.
 20. The process of claim 19further comprising the step of reducing the anti-wall teichoic acid(WTA) monoclonal antibody with DTT (dithiothreitol) ortricarbonylethylphosphine (TCEP) before conjugating.
 21. The process ofclaim 18, wherein the anti-wall teichoic acid (WTA) monoclonal antibodycomprises a VL comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:119.
 22. Theprocess of claim 18, wherein the anti-wall teichoic acid (WTA)monoclonal antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO:156.
 23. The process of claim 18, wherein the anti-wallteichoic acid (WTA) monoclonal antibody comprises a VL and a VH, whereinthe VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:119 and the VH comprises thesequence SEQ ID NO:156.
 24. The process of claim 18, wherein theanti-wall teichoic acid (WTA) monoclonal antibody comprises a lightchain and a heavy chain sequence of (a) SEQ ID NO:123 and SEQ ID NO:147,or (b) SEQ ID NO:145 and SEQ ID NO:147.
 25. The process of claim 18wherein X is


26. The process of claim 18 wherein the antibiotic-linker intermediateis selected from an antibiotic-linker intermediate of claim 17.